Qazaq dýniyetanymynyng bastaularyna ýnilgende, biz onyng tek-tamyrynda biyik ruhaniyattyn, tereng mәdeniyetting jatqandyghyn payymdaymyz. Baghzy zamannan beri qazaq әdebiyetinin, mәdeniyetinin, danalyq parasatynyn, salt-dәstýrining órkendep damuyna yqpal etken sonday asyl qazynanyng biri – HIII-XIV ghasyrlarda Rabat Oghyz shaharynda ómir sýrgen Nәsireddin Rabghuziyding «Qissa sýl-әnbiya» kitaby. «Qissa sýl-әnbiya» enbegining jýzdegen jyldar boyy Islam dinin ústanatyn týrki halyqtarynyng arasyna keninen taraghandyghynyng bir sebebi – onyng Qúran ruhymen sugharylghandyghynda. Óitkeni búl kitap Qúrandaghy dýniyening jaratylysyn, payghambarlar ómirin, olardyng taghylymdy is-әreketterin tarazylay otyryp,  eng úly múrattargha úmtyludy ýiretedi.

Qazaq dýniyetanymynyng bastaularyna ýnilgende, biz onyng tek-tamyrynda biyik ruhaniyattyn, tereng mәdeniyetting jatqandyghyn payymdaymyz. Baghzy zamannan beri qazaq әdebiyetinin, mәdeniyetinin, danalyq parasatynyn, salt-dәstýrining órkendep damuyna yqpal etken sonday asyl qazynanyng biri – HIII-XIV ghasyrlarda Rabat Oghyz shaharynda ómir sýrgen Nәsireddin Rabghuziyding «Qissa sýl-әnbiya» kitaby. «Qissa sýl-әnbiya» enbegining jýzdegen jyldar boyy Islam dinin ústanatyn týrki halyqtarynyng arasyna keninen taraghandyghynyng bir sebebi – onyng Qúran ruhymen sugharylghandyghynda. Óitkeni búl kitap Qúrandaghy dýniyening jaratylysyn, payghambarlar ómirin, olardyng taghylymdy is-әreketterin tarazylay otyryp,  eng úly múrattargha úmtyludy ýiretedi.

Qúran kәrim – Islam dini ayasyndaghy úlystardyng ruhany mәdeniyetine yqpal etken eng basty kitap, diniy-dýniyetanymdyq, moralidyq-etikalyq, sosio-psihologiyalyq bastau. Kez-kelgen halyqtyng mәdeniyetining ózeginde ústanghan dinine sәikes qasiyetti mәtini, yaghny kiyeli kitaby túrady. Qazaq halqynyng diny tanymynda Qúran hikayalarynyng jelisinde qalyptanghan qissashyldyq dәstýr, qasiyetti mәtindegi sujetterdi últtyq obrazdargha ainaldyryp, Qúran qissalaryndaghy payghambarlar men әuliye-әnbiyelerding dara túlghasyn, erendik, adaldyq, shynshyldyq qalpyn últ ruhynyng qaynar búlaghy retinde iydealdandyrdy. Qoja Ahmet Yasauiy  hikmetinde:

«Ara kesse Zәkәriyaday tәlim qylam,

Bәle kelse Ayb qúsap sabyr qylam» dep jyrlasa, beride ótken Aralbay aqyn:

Jýnis atam qaryq bolghan,

Neshe jyl jýrip dariyada,

Alla isine shara joq,

Úl bergen núrdan Mәriamgha,

Ghaysadayyn úl tuyp,

Újmaqtan oryn tútylghan.

Zamannan zaman ozghaly

Tek jalghyz aq sol deydi

Ólimnen tiri qútylghan.

Taba almadym basqa jan

Dýniyening sharlap búryshynan», – dep, diny sananyng sabaqtastyghyn jyrlau arqyly adamzatqa ortaq qúndylyqtardyng bastauyna ýnildiredi. Dýnie jaralyp, su aqqaly jaratylghan barsha qauymnyng qadym tarihy iman men arlylyq tarazysyna tartyla úsynylatyn Qúran qissalarynda músylman mәdeniyetining mәngilik mazmúny somdalghan. Biz býgingi maqala shenberinde dinning aksiologiyalyq qújyrasy ispettes, Qúran qissalarynyng jalpy sipaty men onyng órkeniyetti últ retindegi bolmysymyzgha tiygizgen әseri jayly aitqymyz keledi.

Qúran kәrimde iman, ahlaq, ghibadat, sharighat taqyryptarymen qatar qissalardyng da alatyn orny erekshe.

 «Qassa» jәne «әl-qassas» sózi bir adamnyn izin basyp, sonynan jýru degen maghynany beredi. Úghym retinde adamzat tarihynyng izinde qalghan ruhany tәjirbiyeni qúndylyq kýiinde tanyp, jol silter temirqazyq retinde tanu degenge sayady. Qúran óz uaqytynda kóp úghymdardyng maghynasyn keneytip, janasha dýniyetanymdyq, tildik jәne mәdeny qalyptardy, týsinikterdi dýniyege әkeldi. Adamzat tarihyn qayta saraptap, qoghamdyq túraqtylyq pen baqytty ómirding sharty retinde basty ólshemge -  Tәnirding rizashyghymen órilgen ruhany ýlgi alyndy.  Qissalarda bayandalghan payghambarlar tarihy arqyly qarsy kelulik pen moyynúsynulyqtyng arasyndaghy aiyrmashylyqty bayanday otyryp, adamdargha eskertu jasaldy deuge bolady. Óitkeni, uaqyt túrghysynan alghanda ótken shaq osy shaqtyng bastauy bolsa, osy kezeng keler zamannyng basty sharty. Qúran ýndegen, eskertken, bayandaghan qissalar osylaysha ruhany sabaqtastyq, dәstýrli jalghastyq mәselesinde adamzat tarihynyng eng negizgi kórsetkishi qylyp, iman keltiruding manyzdy ornyn dәleldeydi. 

Qissa – Qúrannyng negizgi maqsattaryn jetkizushi erek bir josyn. Qúran – eng aldymen dinning tabligh yaghny jetkizushi kitaby. Qissa da óz kezeginde búl tabliyghti jetkizushi qúraldardyng biri. Nasihat – negizgi maqsat bolsa, kórkemdik ekinshi kezekte ózinen ózi payda bolatyn qúbylys. Búl jerde qissadaghy bayandalghan mazmún men ishki mәn kórkemdik sipatqa qyzmet etedi. Qúran qissalary osynday sipattarmen bayandalghanda tyndaushynyng jýregindegi adamshylyq qasiyetterin oyatatyn ruhany quatqa ainalady. Múnday auqymdaghy kórkemdik bayandau óz kezeginde diny әserge bólenuge erekshe jaghday tughyzady. Osylaysha qissalar Qúrannyng moralidik imperativterin tarihy sipatta, qoghamdyq, qauymdyq, jeke túlghalyq diny әreketterge yqpal ete otyryp jetkizushi órnek. Tyndaushynyng nemese oqyrmannyng ruhyna yqpal etu túrghysynan Qúran qissalarynyng tildik, kórkemdik jәne tәsildik erekshelikteri óz aldyna tang qalarlyqtay zertteulerge jeteleydi. Moralidyq–etikalyq taghylymymen qatar dinning basty doktrinalyq mәselelerin oqighalar jelisinde úqtyryp adam janynyng týkpirine jetkizetin kýshke iye. Osylaysha qissalar Qúrannan bastau alyp, orta ghasyrlarda músylman júrtynyng әdeby kókjiyekterine әser etti. Olardyng formalyq ta, mazmúndyq ta sipatyna eleuli maghyna, transsendenttik bolmysty ruh hәlinde sezinuge jeteleytin mәn syighyzyp, ruhany keyiptegi obrazdarmen qatar moralidyq-etikalyq qúndylyqtar jýiesin qalyptastyrugha yqpal etti.

Qúran kәrimde: Ázireti Adam jәne eki úly, Núh, Húd, Salyq, Ybyrayym, Smaghúl, Ysqaq, Lút, Jaqyp, Jýsip, Shúghayyp, Músa, Dәuit, Sýleymen, Ayp, Jýnis, Zәkәriya, Jaqiya, Ghaysa, Múhambet sekildi payghambarlardyng qissalary óte kóp oryn iyelenedi. Olardyng ishinde keybireuleri erekshe atalyp, kenirek bayandalady. Mysaly, Adamnyng jaratyluy, oghan barsha jaratylys esimderining ýiretilui, perishtelerding oghan sәjde qyluy, Ibilisting oghan jau bolyp, júbayy arqyly azghyruy jәne Haua anamyz ekeuining jәnnattan shygharyluy; Ybyrayymnyng әkesin tura jolgha shaqyruy, onymen tartysuy, qauymynyng púttaryn qiratuy, Allanyng birligin ýiretu ýshin qauymyna qútylu jolyn kórsetui, Namrud patshamen qarsylasuy, Qaghbanyng qúrylysyn qolgha aluy; Músanyng dýniyege keluimen bolghan oqighalar, ózenge aghyzyluy, Perghauynnyng sarayynda ósui, oghan kitap týsirilui, Perghauyndy tura jolgha shaqyruy jәne soghan baylanysty kórgen qiyndyqtary, Perghauynnyng nókerlerimen tartysuy jәne Israyyl qauymymen birge Mysyrdan shyghuy, altyn búzaugha halqynyng tabynyp ketui jayly oqighalar, Allanyng jamalyn kóruge degen niyeti; Ghaysanyng әkesiz Mәriyam anamyzdan tuyluy, besikte jatyp sóileui, kórsetken múghjizalary t.b erekshe atalyp ótiledi.

Qissanyng mazmúndyq múraty – Qúrannyng týsirilu maqsattaryn adam sanasyna jetkize otyryp, aqiqatqa ainaldyru, qayyrymdy isterdi jasaugha  motivasiyalyq serpin beru.

Qissanyng basty múraty – Islamnyng negizgi prinsipterin, aqidalyq-doktrinalyq, moralidyq ústanymdarynyng ólshemin jalpy halyqtyng sanasyna siniru. Mysaly, «Baqara» sýresi Músa qauymynyng siyrgha tabynyp, joldan azghandyghyn bayandaydy. Tipti, tútas bir sýre siyr atymen atalady. Búl jerde  siyrgha tabynudyng qanshalyqty ziyan ekenin kórsetip jәne onday nadan isti  Allanyng jek kóretin úqtyru. Diny tәjirbie arqyly músylmandy Islamnyng basty problemasy shirkten qútqaru ýshin Allanyng tauhid ilimin tanugha  shaqyrady. Perghauyn men Músa arasyndaghy teketiresti bayandau arqyly perghauynnyng tәkapparlyghyn ashyp kórsetedi. Búl jerde de maqsat – tәkapparlyqtyng qanday jaman qasiyet ekenin tanytyp,  Islamnyng moralidyq ústanymdaryna sәikessizdigin dәleldeu. Adamnyng jaratyluynda onyng hikmetke ie bolghandyghyn, býtkil jaratylystyng atauyn bayandap, perishtelerding aldynda ýstem shyghuy jәne Alla Taghalanyng olardy Adam atagha sәjde qylugha búiyruy arqyly Islamnyng ontologiyasyndaghy adamnyng jaratylysqa orynbasarlyq mәrtebesin pash etu manyzdy mazmúndyq maqsat bolyp kórinip túr.                                                                                                                      

         Qúran qissalary – negizinde adamdargha búiyrylghan qaghidalardyng oryndaluynan payda bolghan әreketter, kórinister men sózderding tarihy bayany. Hikayalar men әdeby kórkem tuyndylarda shygharmanyng keyipkeri, uaqyt pen kenistik mәselesi ýlken manyzgha iye. Biraq, Qúran qissalaryndaghy túlghalar oqighalardyng ishinde eng basty maqsat emes. Qissanyng basty qaharmany ózining imani, ahlaqy әreketterine baylanghan, sol arqyly tolyqqandylyqqa jetetin tarihy túlgha hәm diniy-ruhany erejelerding naghyz ózi. Qissanyng qaharmany mysaly,  Ybyrayym payghambardyng óz túlghasy emes, shirk pen tauhidti aiyrghan bolmysy tarihy shyndyq. Onyng osy joldaghy әreketteri basty mәsele. Jýsip payghambar men júbayy emes, onyng boyyndaghy tazalyq pen iman quaty, әielindegi yntyzarlyq basty mәsele. Qúrandaghy qissalardyng basty ereksheligi – oqighalar qúrghaq, didaktikalyq sarynmen bayandalmaydy, jandylyq pen әreketke toly, dinamikalyq túrpatta suretteledi.

Qissalardan bastau alghan payghambarlardy ýlgi etu men әlemdi mәdeniylendiru qalpy jogharyda aitylghan Rabghuziyding «Qissa sýl-Ánbiya» enbeginde terenirek iz qaldyrdy. Miftik sananyng izi aiqyn kórinetin búl enbekte Qúran qissalaryn mazmúndyq jaghynan bayytyp, keng qúlashty bayandau ýrdisi kózge úrady. Rabghuziyding búl enbegin alghash tútas kýide audarghan ghalym – Tóreәli Qydyr. «Qissa sýl-әnbiya» Altyn Orda dәuirindegi týrik músylmandyq týsinigining manyzdy dýniyetanymdyq qoymasy sanalady. Keyingi dәuirlerde dәl osy enbekting negizinde mәdeniyetimizde tútas diniy-ruhany janrlar órken jaydy. Kenes biyligi ornaghangha deyin Qazan jәne Tashkent baspalarynda basylyp kelgen búl kitaptyng qúndylyghy keyingi kezende belgili sebeptermen dúrys baghalanbay, tarihy jadymyzdan óshirile bastady. Qayretker túlgha Alma Qyraubaeva syndy ghalymdarymyz búl salagha alghash jol salyp әdeby túrghydan taldap, ghylymy týsinikteme jasaugha tyrysty. Revolusiyagha deyingi bilim beru ýderisinde jәne foliklorlyq múralarda keng tynyspen taralghan qissalardyng jekelegen fragmentteri men poetikalyq núsqalaryn Mәshhýr Jýsip Kópeyúly, Túrmaghambet Iztileuov syndy shejirege toly túlghalarymyzdyng shygharmashylyghynan kóre alamyz. Ayta keterlik jayt, ózin adamzat tarihynyng bir bólshegi retinde sezinetin órkeniyetti últtarda qissashyldyq ýrdis ýzilgen emes. Islam mәdeniyetinde «Israiliyat» dep atalatyn qissashyldyq dәstýr medreselerde «Qissa sýl-Ánbiyamen» kórinis tapsa, halyq shygharmashylyghynda jyraulyq mektepter arqyly órken jaydy. Sebebi, dәl osy ýrdispen últ ózining tarihy missiyasyn esinen shygharmay úrpaqtan úrpaqqa jetkizedi. Qúrandaghy qissalarmen tyghyz doktrinalyq baylanysta órbiytin diny dastandarymyz ben anyz әpsanalarymyzda әlemning ontologiyalyq mәnin Múhambet payghambardyng núrymen, Adam atanyng danalyq hikmetimen, Núq Payghambardyng kemesimen týsindiretin shygharmashylyq saryn bayqalady. Búl – әlemdi mәdeniylendiretin shygharmashylyq izdenisting diny dýniyetanymnan bastau alatyndyghyn kórsetedi. Kókter men jerding jaraluy jәne an-qústyng payda boluy jayly oilar ruhany negizben órile bayandalghanda erekshe diny dýniyetanym qalyptasary sózsiz. Rabghuziyding «Qissa sýl-Ánbiyasynda» kósile bayandalatyn jaratylys jayly oilar miftik sanamen baylanysta bolghanmen dinning dogmalaryn teristemeydi. Mysaly, Islamnyng Allany bir dep tanu, payghambardy haq dep nanu, kitaptargha senu, aqiyretke jәne ólgen song qayta tiriluige senu, taghdyrgha moyynúsynu syndy iman sharttaryna qayshy kelmeydi. Kerisinshe, Qúrannyng úghymdaryn barynsha bayytyp, detalidarmen, sujettermen tolyqtyra týsedi. Qissadan  bir mysal:

Núh payghambar keme jasap jatqanda, bir qyljaqbas kýnde ony mazaq etipti. Onyng qúityrqy sózderine Núh shyday almay, keyde jylap jiberedi eken. Ol:

– Myna jyndynyng isin qarandar, su joq jerge keme jasap jatyr. Kemege barlyq januardy jinamaqshy. Kemede qasqyr men qoy, týlki men tauyq qaytip birge túrady? – dep әjualaydy eken.

Bir kýni apat bastalyp, barlyq januar Allanyng әmirimen kemege minedi. Kemening esigi jabylar songhy sәtte Jebireyil perishte bir maqúlyqty sýirep әkelip:

– Áy, Núh, mynau seni әjualap, talay ret jylatqan qyljaqbas. Momyndy mazaqtaghan, Qúdaymen oinaghanmen birdey. Seni nala qylghany ýshin Alla ony maymylgha ainaldyrdy. Ony ala ket. Topan sudan qalay aman qalatynyna kuәger bolsyn, – deydi.

Qyljaqbas adam maymylgha ainalyp, hayuandardyng qarasyn kóbeytedi. Sodan beri ózi de elding mazaghyna úshyrap keledi eken...

Endi әnning payda boluy jayly halyq sanasynda saqtalghan taghy bir anyzdan órnek:

Alla taghala Adam atany jaratqan kezde perishteler keremet әuezben Qúdaydy madaqtap túrady. Ruh Adamnyng denesine kirerde sol sazgha eltip kirgen eken. Búl әuen Adam atanyng qúlaghynan ketpey, ýnemi osy sazdy aityp jýredi. Jerge týskennen keyin ol Alladan: «Osy әndi maghan jiber» dep ótinedi. Alla taghala әuendi qús beynesinde jaratyp, jerdi ainalyp úshudy búiyrady. Qús tamyljyta sayrap, jerdi jeti ret ainalyp úshady. On segiz myng ghalam әlgi qústyng ýnin estip, ghajayyp әuenge bólenedi. Árbir maqúlyq, jaratylys әuezdi ózderi de shygharugha tyrysady. Olardyng barlyghynda ózderine tәn dybys payda bolady. Qústar sayraydy, orman-toghay shuyldaydy, sular kýrkireydi, jel yzyndaydy, jan-januarlar da estigen әuenin dybystaydy. Álgi qús Adam atagha jeti sazben kýy shertudi ýiretedi. Sazdy aina-qatesiz qalpynda keudesine qúiyp beredi. Adam әn shyrqaghanda, kýy shertkende, Qúdaydy әserli ýnmen maqtaghanda, úshqan qús, jortqan annyng tapjylmay tyndaytyny sol әuenge degen qúshtarlyqtan eken. Múny Qashaghan jyrau Esqaly súpygha qarap tolghaghanda bylaysha jetkizedi:

Atamyz Adam payghambar

Jeti sazben jerge kep

Kýy shertipti degen bar

Ol kezdegi o da saz

Búl kezdegi bú da saz

Sazdy kýnә dep jýrgen

Moldeke sening aqylyng az...

          Din psihologiyasynyng zertteulerinde «oylanushy maqúlyq» sanalatyn adamnyng ómir men ólim, әdildik pen qiyanat, adaldyq pen satqyndyq jayly izdenisterine tiyanaqty dinnen tabatyndyghy aitylady. Sebebi, óner, muzyka, kino, tipti kórkem әdebiyetting de búl mәselede quaty diny jýiedegidey emes. Adam sanasynyng eki qyry ispettes «miyf» jәne «logos» onymen birge jasaytyn tanymdardyng izi. Logostyng arqasynda rasionaldy payymdaushy adam qorshaghan ortanyng kirpishine ainalyp, tirshiligin dóngeletedi. Qúpiyasy tereng jannyng búlqynysy mifting bastauyna úmtylady. Mifting sananyng jýielengen formasy retinde diny dýniyetanym onyng transsendenttik bolmysyna nәr beredi. Sondyqtan da «orta jastaghy daghdarys» mәselesin tereng zerttegen psiholog ghalymdar әlem jayly, ólim men ómir jayly, adamdyq múraty jayly tolghanbaghan, diny tәrbiyesi tym jútang adamdardyn  qyryq jastan asqan son  tez shógip qalatynyn aitady. Karl Gustav Yung: «Árbir túlghanyng iygergen mamandyghy ony qyryq jasqa deyin toqyraudan aman saqtaydy. Al odan keyingi ómirine mәn kirgizetin, toqyraudan saqtap qalatyn jalghyz joldy dinnen tabady» degen. Osy arada qissanyng manyzdylyghy aiqyndala týsedi. Keshegi ótken qariyalardyng túghyrly túlghasyn somdaghan búl erek josyn jas úrpaqtyng jadynda qayta jandansa iygi. Áriyne, әr úrpaq óz zamanynyng biyiginen qaraydy, saralap keregin alady.  Desek te, tym zayyrlanyp, zayyrlanyp emes ateistik qadaghalaudy bastan keshirgen bilim beru jýiesinde diny dýniyetanym barynsha shettetildi. Oqu-aghartu salasy tamyrsyz bolghandyqtan da, tútas el ruhany jútandyqqa dushar boldy. Búl maqalany jazudaghy maqsatymyz da san ghasyrlyq oilau jýiemizdi qalyptaghan arnamyzdy arshyp, júrtshylyqqa úsynu arqyly jýregimizdegi «eksiztensionaldy vakuumgha» jan bitiru bolatyn.

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