Qazirgi kýnde tól tarihymyzdy týgendeuge kóptegen ghalymdarymyz, aqyn-jazushy, zertteushilerimiz ýlken ýlesterin qosyp jatyr. Quanamyz! Alayda, Qazaq tarihyndaghy Shynghys beynesi, onyng úrpaqtary – Qazaq handary, súltandary, qazirgi uaqytta qazaqtyng bir ruyna ainalghan «Tóreler» turaly aitylghanda keybireulerding kejegesi keri ketetini de jasyryn emes! Ondaylar qansha baybalam salghanymen tarihty óshire almaysyn!

Ataqty týrkitanushy Murad Adjiyding bir aitqany bar, «...sender qazaqtar qysymdy kóp kórdinder. Óz elderindi taptaghan Rossiyanyng Groznyiyn, Ermagin, Kutuzovyn maqtadyndar, al óz handaryng Kenesaryny dattadyndar. Gruzinder, Armyandar óz patshalaryn dәriptedi, al sender óz handaryndy qaraladyndar...». Búnysy, oilansaq, tura shyndyq qoy! Tura sonyng jalghasynday, Ghafu Qayyrbekov aghamyz da, sonau Kenestik kezde-aq: «Basqalardyng handary aqyldy bop, Nege bizding hanymyz jaman bolghan» degen eken! Búghan alyp qosarymyz joq bolar?!

Kesene aldynda 2015 jyl 6 – mausym

Bizding qazaqtyng kópshiligi sol kezding ózinde-aq, auyz eki әngimelerinde, Shynghys Han turaly eshqashanda jaman aitpaytyn, qayta, ony – «ataqty hanymyz, qasiyetti erekshe kiyeli, әulie kisi...» dep sanaytyn! Búl, halyqtyng jadynyng óshpeytinin dәleldeydi emes pe?! Biraq, ókinishke oray, búl mәsele turaly «Qyzyl» sayasattyng saldary әli kýnge әser etip keledi.

Tribunada Shynghys – Joshy handar úrpaghy Núghmanov Sherniyaz. 2015 j. 6 - mausym

Qalay bolghanda da, Shynghystyng ýlken úly, әlemdik túlgha - Joshy Han, Deshti Qypshaq úlysynyng hany ekeni jәne onyng jatqan jeri bizde ekenin әrbir qazaq jaqsy biledi! Olay bolsa memleketimizding qalyptasuyn sodan bastasaq der edik. Joshy Hangha ie bolsaq der edik! Al, búl ataqty, dýniyejýzilik túlghanyng qaytys bolghanyna 2017 jyly, 790 jyl toldy.

Ol turaly birer tarihiy-әdeby derekterdi keltire ketelik. Joshy han (1187-1227) Shynghys Hannyn, «Qonyrat» qyzy Bórte bәibishesinen tughan tórt úldyng ýlkeni. Úly qolbasshy, asa iri әskery kósem, Shynghys Imperiyasyn qúrghan barlyq soghystargha qatysqan, ózi de eresen kýshti, er jýrek, alghan betinen qaytpaytyn qaysar, batyr adam bolghan. Eng bastysy – Qaghannyng bekitip tapsyruymen Joshy Úlysyn qúrghan ataqty hanymyz! Ol joryq jolynda әlemning 90 qamalyn búzyp, 200 qalany, san elderdi baghyndyrghan әskery strateg, taktiyk, iri әskery qolbasshy!

Shynghys han Bórtege ýilengennen keyin merkitter shabuyl jasap, Bórte tútqyngha týsip qalady. Keyinirek (bireuler 4 aidan song desedi) Shynghys, әielin Kerey handyghynyng biyleushisi Túghyryldyng kómegimen tútqynnan bosatyp alady. Joshyny Shynghys hannyng «úly emes» degen alyp-qashty sózder osy oqighadan keyin taraghan. Osy qisynsyz, «әngime» de Joshynyng belgili ómirbayanymen birge qatarlasyp keledi. Búghan qarsy aitatyn bir-aq uәjimiz – búl әngimesymaqtar, Shynghys Qaghan men Joshy Hannyng danqyna kólenke týsiru ýshin qyzghanyshty jaularynyn, jau tynshylarynyn  әdeyilep taratqan kóptegen qauesetterining biri ghana dep qaraghan jón jәne oghan erekshe toqtalyp jatudyng qajeti de shamaly.

Anyghyn Bir Alla ghana biledi! Osyghan qosarymyz, qashanda úlylardyng sonynan ósek-ayandar qalghan emes! Shynghystyng Joshyny keremet qúrmettep, ýmit kýtken, ýlken joryqtardy, memlekettik isterdi senip tapsyryp otyrghany anyq! Taghy bir dәlel retinde, keyingi, basqa Shynghys úrpaqtary da Joshy úrpaqtarymen qatty sanasyp, negizgi jol-joralghy solardyki bolyp otyrghanyn (Qaghan saylaudaghy Batudyng rolin úmytpanyz) keltiremiz! Eger de «týbinde bir shiykilik bar desek, osylay qalyptasar ma edi» degen súraq tuyndaydy emes pe?!

Úly Qaghannyng seniminin, qoldauynyng arqasynda Joshy 1207-12 jyldary, batysqa qaray baghyttalghan birqatar ýlken joryqtardy basqaryp, Ontýstik Sibirdi, Altaydy, Jonghar dalasyn, Shyghys Týrkistandy mekendegen kóptegen el-taypalardy ózine  baghyndyryp, Jetisu ónirine jetken. 1211-15 jyldary Qytaydy jaulau, baghyndyru soghystaryna qatysty.

Joshy – Baba, 23 – úrpaghyng ong tizesin býgip aldyna keldi.  (2015 j. 6 - mausym)

Taghdyr, ... bizder qazir kimbiz? (2015 j. 6 - mausym)

1218 jyly Joshy jasaghy ejelgi jauy «Merkitterdi» qualay otyryp, Qypshaq dalasy, Yrghyz ózenining boyynda Horezm shahy Muhammedting 60 myng әskerimen kezdesip, betpe-bet keledi. Soghys jariyalanbaghanyna qaramastan, óz әskerining anaghúrlym kóp ekenine senimdi bolghan shah, birinshi bolyp shabuylgha shyghady. Alayda, Joshynyng ýlken qolbasshylyq daryny arqasynda әskeri anaghúrlym az bolghanyna qaramastan úrys teng ayaqtalady! Búdan qatty  ýreylengen shah әskeri sheginip ketuge mәjbýr bolady! Osydan son, shah әskeri Joshygha qarsy ashyq shayqastargha shygha almay, qorghandaryn panalay bergen. Joshy Jetisudaghy bar qalalargha ie boldy! Búnymen toqtamay, 1220-22 jyldarda Syrdariya boyyndaghy Otyrar, Syghanaq, Ýzkent, Barshynkent, Jankent, Týrkistan t.b. qalalardy aludy basqardy, sonymen Horezm memleketi qúlady!

1223 jyly Shynghys Qaghannyng shaqyruymen Sayram-Talastyng aralyghynda, «Qúlanbasyda» Úly Qúryltay ótkizildi. Osy qúryltayda Qaghan kózining tirisinde jaulap alghan úlanghayyr ólkeni ýlken әieli (bәibishesi) Bórteden tughan tórt úlyna enshi retinde bólip beredi. Joshynyng enshisine Ertisten batysqa qaray, Jetisudyng teriskey bóligin qamty otyryp, "monghol atynyng túyaghy jetken" tómengi Edil boyyna deyingi jerdi qosa, býkil Deshti Qypshaq aimaghy tiyedi. Ordasy Ertis ózeni boyynda ornalasty.

Basqalar Qara Qorymgha qaytqanda, Joshy, Deshti Qypshaqqa qarasty týrki tildes taypalar qúraghan, óz úlysynda qalghan. Mine, bizding qazaqtyng da alghashqy memleketi osydan bastau alady! Búl jerde asa nazar audaratyn ýlken mәsele – Joshy Hangha shyghystan birge kelgen әskerden tórt myng ghana qol qaldyrylghany! Mine, osydan-aq jergilikti týrki, onyng ishinde qazaq taypalarynyng Joshyny erekshe qúrmettegendikteri, óz Hany sanaghandyqtary birden kórinedi.

Joshy da ózining týrki-qazaq júrtyn erekshe sýigen, baghalaghan. Tarihshy Jujaniyding aituynsha ("Tabanat-iy-Nasiyri" 1260): "Joshy qypshaqtardy jaqsy kórip ketkeni sonsha, ol Horezmde qanday da bir qypshaq balasynyng mandayynan shertkizbeydi..." delingen! Derbes, tәuelsiz memleket qalyptasty, osyghan baylanysty, tarihshylardyn: «...búl sayasat әke men bala arasynda arazdyq tuuyna sebepker boluy әbden mýmkin. Biraq, balasynyng aqyldylyghy men erekshe batyldyghynan Shynghys hannyng ózi de seskengen...» degen siyaqty jaulary shygharghan pikirlerding biri. Búl degen, úly adamdar emes, qarapayym qatardaghy adamdardyng oiyna kele bermeytin «kisәpir» oilardyng biri. Sonda deymiz-au, qanday әke balasynyng ózinen artyq aqyldy, erjýrek batyr bolghanyna qyzghanyshpen qarauy mýmkin be? Mýmkin emes.

Osy tektes týrli-týrli, mýmkin, kóbinese keyinirek, belgili bir maqsat mýddeni kózdep shygharylghan alyp-qashpa pikirler, Joshynyng qazasynyng sebepterine de kýdik, kólenke týsiru ýshin  san aluan sebepter tuyndatyp, Shynghyshannyng «qanisherligin» asqyndatyp, Joshyny әdeyi arandatugha qajet bolghan tәrizdi.  Onday berekesiz әngimelerge toqtamay-aq qoyalyq, olardyng birazy oqyrman qauymgha belgili. Mysaly:

- Joshy qazasy turaly bizding qazaq arasynda da keremet anyz-әpsanalar saqtalghan. Sonyng biregeyi, bәrimiz de biletin, ataqty «Aqsaq Qúlan, Joshy han» kýi-anyzy. Búnyng bir núsqasynda belgili kýishi-jyrshy Ketbúqanyng Qaghangha Joshy ólimin kýimen jetkizdi delinse, ekinshi núsqasynda kýy tartylyp bolghan son, týrki jyrymen estirtti delinedi;

- Múnday suyq habardy Shynghyshangha jetkizu de onaygha týspese kerek (Týrik shejiresi), yaghni, qayghyly habardy estirtuge eshkimning batyly barmay, búl mindet úly jyrshygha jýktelipti. Shynghyshan jyr «jyrla» dep әmir bergen sәtin paydalanghan úly jyrshy:

- Tengiz bashtyn bulghandy, kim tondurur, a hanym?

Terek tubtyn jyghyldy, kim turguzur, a hanym?,- degende, Shynghyshan:

- Tengiz bashtyn bulghansa, tondurur (tundyrar) olum Juchy dýr,

Terek tubtyn jyghylsa, turguzur olum Juchy dýr...;

...Búl mysaldardaghylardan basqa pikirlerdi múqiyat qarasanyz, kelispeytin jerleri kóp ekenin bayqaysyz: birinshisinde Qaghan, «qanjar tyghyp óltirinder» dep arnayy adamdar jibergen bolsa, ol búiryq nege oryndalmaghan (oryndalmauy mýmkin emes qoy)?! Ózi óltirtken bolsa, Qaghannyng sonsha ókinui qalay? Tarihtan Bórtege estirtu ýshin arnayy búiryq shygharylghanyn da bilemiz, olay bolsa búnday dabyralar ne ýshin qajet?! Sondyqtan, saralay kelgende, ejelgi qazaq anyzy shyndyqqa óte jaqyn ekenin bayqaymyz.

Qalay bolghanda da Joshy әkesinen alty ay búryn qaza tapty jәne onyng ólimine Shynghys Qaghannyng qatty qinalyp, kýiingeni belgili! Olay bolsa, «ózi óltirtken» degenning jalghan әngime ekeni anyqtalyp túr. Óz sheshiminsiz ondaygha basqalardyng da bara almasy anyq.

Qazaq «tóreleri» bastau alatyn Joshy úrpaqtaryna kelsek, onyng artynda kóptegen bala-shaghasy (Rashid ad-din 40 úly bolghan dep, 14 in ataydy: 1-Orda; 2-Batu; 3-Bereke; 4-Berkechar; 5-Shiban; 6-Tangkut; 7-Buval; 8-Chilaukun; 9-Shingkur; 10-Chimpay; 11-Muhammed; 12-Udur; 13-Tuka-Timur; 14-Singkum), kóptegen nemereleri qalghan. Joshy úldarynyng әrqaysysynyng tarihtan alatyn ózindik orny bar, olardyng ishindegi ataqtylary retinde Orda-Ejen, Batu, Berke, Shiban taghy basqalary atalady.

Joshy ólgennen keyin, Shynghys Qaghannyng maqúldap, bekituimen, onyng ekinshi úly - Batu, takqa otyrdy jәne barlyq batystaghy әsker múny moyyndady. 1237-56 jyldar aralyghynda 19 jyl handyq qúrdy, ózi bastaghan joryqtar kezindegi qataldyghyna qaramay «Sayn han» nemese «Qayyrymdy han» atandy. Orys jerine, Shyghys Evropagha úly joryqtar bastaldy, búl endi ózinshe aitylatyn, jekeshe ýlken tariyh, Úly memleket Altyn Orda tarihy!

...Joshynyng mazary Jezqazghan ónirinde, qaladan 50 shaqyrymday jerdegi «Kengir» ózenining boyynda.  Bar qazaqqa kiyeli Úlytauda!

Qazaq halqynyng sýbeli bir rularynyng biri bolyp sanalatyn tóreler, ózderining Ata-Tegi, Shynghys–Joshydan bastalatynyn eshqashanda úmytqan emes jәne ony Alla Taghalanyng ózderine bergen qasiyetti dәrejesi sanaydy!

Joshy úmytylghan joq! Osyghan baylanysty 2015 jyly mausymnyng 6-da Úlytauda, naqty aitqanda Jezqazghan qalasynda kóptegen el azamattary bas qosyp, úly handardyng úlysy - Shynghys Qaghan men onyng túnghyshy, Úly han Joshynyng ruhyna arnap qúran baghyshtap, «Kengir» meyramhanasynda  «As» berdi.  Sol úly Asqa Jezqazghan qalasynyng әkimi B. Ahmetov qol úshyn berip, ýlken azamattyq tanytty. Ótken 2017 jyly 18 qarashada qasiyetti Týrkistanda Shynghys qaghan men Joshy hannyng qaytys bolghanyna 790 jyl toluyna baylanysty «As» berilip, Qúran baghyshtaldy.  Jalpy Shynghys–Joshy úrpaqtary – Tóreler әuletining qazaq Memleketining negizin qalauda, onyng tәuelsizdigi jolynda jәne mәdeniyeti men ónerin qalyptastyruda mәngi óshpestey iz qaldyrdy. Búl, qazaq tarihynda altyn әrippen jazylghan shyndyq. Olardyng qazirgi úrpaqtary da elimizding órkendeuine barynsha ýles qosatynyna senemiz.

...Kesene turaly kóp aitylghandyqtan asa toqtalmay-aq, birer mәlimetterdi keltire ketelik: mazar jayly alghashqy jazba habar Búhar biyleushisi Abdallahtyng 1582 jyly Úlytaugha barghan kezine baylanysty payda boldy. Onda «Osy aidyng 6 janasy, senbi kýni han, Joshy hannyng mazary aldyndaghy saraygha toqtady» delingen. Al, auyzsha derekti qazaq balasy ejelden aityp keledi! Mazar turaly Yu. Shmidt, V. Bartolid, jәne Sh. Uәlihanovtar jazdy.

Arheologiyalyq qazba júmysy qazaq ayaulysy Álkey Marghúlannyng basshylyghynda 1946 jyly jýrgizildi. Eki beyitti tekseru-qazba júmysynyng nәtiyjesinde tabylghan sýiek súlbalary jәne materialdyq zattargha sýienip, alghashqy qorytyndylar jasaldy. Á. Marghúlan birinshi beyitten tabylghan adam qanqa sýiegining bir qoly joq bolghanyna baylanysty, ony «Joshy han», al ekinshi beyitten tabylghan әiel adamnyng sýiegin onyng bәibishesi Kereyt Togoril Uan hannyng qyzy Bektútmyshtyng  (Bektúrmys) tabyty dep payymdapty. Qabir astyna tóselgen qalaq kirpishterde arab әrpimen “yqpal” degen sóz birneshe qaytara jazylghan.

Kýmbezde saqtalghan tanbalargha qaraghanda, ony salugha Joshygha baghynghan taypalardyng bәri (oghyz, arghyn qypshaq, kerey, nayman, qonyrat, qanly t.b.) qatysqan. Tarihy dәstýr boyynsha kýmbezdi qaytys bolghan kisining jyldyq asyn beruden búrynyraq jasaytyn bolghan. Soghan qaraghanda eýmbez 1228 jyly salynghan bolu kerek. Kesene portaldy-kýmbezdi qúrylystar qataryna jatady. Jobasy tik búryshty. Qúrylys materialdary – kýidirilgen kirpish, ghanysh, әkimshilik Jobanyng aumaghy 9,55h7,25 m. Kózge airyqsha týsetin nәrse – saltanatty portaly.

...Joshy kýmbezinen basqa qasiyetti Úlytauda Alashahan, jәne Dombauyl kýmbezderi bar. Mine, búlardyng da tylsym, qúpiyalary әli kýnge ashylghan joq! Shoqan jazbalaryna jәne keyingi arheologiyalyq derekterge sýiene otyryp, Dombauyl mazaryna biraz týsinikter beruge de bolady, yaghni, ol mazardyng salynghan uaqyty Joshy mazarynan әldeqayda erterek ekeni! Halyq anyzy Dombauyldy Joshy zamandasy, tipti qatty qayghyrghan batyr «qúlandardy qyrghan eken» dep te suretteydi. Kim bilsin, mýmkin Dombauyldyng Joshymen qatarlas bir úrpaghy bolar, anyz beker shyqpaydy ghoy.

Al Alashahan mazary turaly qúpiya syrlar mýlde kóp: Qashan salynghan; Kim jerlengen; Qazaqta sonday han bolghan ba; Nege mazar kólemi, saltanaty, ataqty Joshynyng mazarynan da ýlken jәne sapasy joghary; Mýmkin, Shynghys Qaghangha arnalghan bolar; Álde, búl mazar emes tarihy belgi me... Búl súraqtardyng naqty jauaby әli kýnge deyin belgisiz!

Joshy kýmbezi turaly da pikirler óte kóp: Jerlengen adam naqty Joshy ma; Tәnirshil-kóshpeliler mazar salmaghan ghoy; Mýmkin, keyingi bir úrpaghy músylman dәstýrinde salghan bolar...

Osy jerde bizdinshe, zertteushiler birer ýlken nәrseni eskermeytin tәrizdi: Joshynyng týrki-qypshaq júrtyn qatty jaqsy kórgeni jәne óz balasyna Múhammed degen esim bergeni! Yaghni, eli de óz Hanyna erekshe qúrmet kórsetip, kýmbezine tamghalaryn (tanba) salghan, al balasyna Islamgha eng qúrmetti at bergeni, ózining de sol dinde bolghanyn kórsetpey me?!

Oyymyzdy qorytyndylay kele, Joshy Handy dәripteu Qazaq balasyna ne beredi degen súraqtargha jauap izdep kórelik. Aldymen, biz «qazaqta búryn memleket bolmaghan, qúrama halyq» degen siyaqty úshqary pikirlerge nyq jauap beremiz. Qazaqtyng da irgeli, túnghan tarihy bar el ekenin dәleldeymiz! Bauyrlas qyrghyzdarymyz «Manas» jyryna sýienip, eki myng jyldyq tarihymyz bar desedi, ózbek bauyrlarymyz Samarqandyq dep, Úly Ámir-Temirdi iyemdenedi! Al biz she, ataqty Joshymyz bar ekenin bile túryp, maqtanugha kejegemiz keri ketip túrady! Nege olay? Tipten, basqany qoyyp, turizmdi damytu túrghysyna kelsek, Mongholiyadaghy alyp Shynghyshan mýsinining osy uaqyttarda memleketke, elge qyruar qarjy-tabys әkelip otyrghanyn atap ótsek te jetkilikti bolar.

Ótken jyly, Jezqazghanda, әlemge belgili túlgha – Ketbúqagha arnalghan eskertkish salynghan keremet habargha bәrimiz de qatty quandyq! Ataqtylarymyzdy ardaqtay bileyik!

Joshy Hangha kelsek, dәl osy jaghday bizden basqa bir elde bolsa, әldeqashan, dýniyege jar salyp, óz elining aldynghy qatardaghy «brend-simvolyna» ainaldyrar edi! Sondyqtan, qazaq balasy tarihtyng ózi úsynghan jәdigerge janynday, maqtanyshpen qarauy kerek!

Joshy Hannyng óz esimi bizding jarnamagha múqtaj da emes, tek qana bizder, sol danqty esimdi el iygiligine ainaldyrugha múqtajbyz desek qatelespespiz! Hanymyzgha eskertkishter qoyylugha, oqulyqtarda, әdebiyet, kinolarda keninen nasihattalugha arnalghan sharalar jýrgizilui tiyisti! Memleket tarapynan Joshy Han kesenesin әli de bolsa aighaqtaytynday, aspandatatynday jaghday jasaluy qajet. Kerek bolsa, memleket (auqatty azamattar) shet elderden mamandar shaqyryp, Alashahan, Dombauyl kesenelerine de týbegeyli zertteuler jýrgiziluine múryndyq bolsa dep oilaymyz...

Súltan Aman Shota, professor

Ázken Altay Jetisulyq

Abai.kz