«Jaz – ja­rys, kýz – kýres» de­gen. Kýnning ap­ta­by da ba­sy­lar. Kýz de kelip, salqyn týser. Odan song qyly­shyn sýiretip, qaїary­na minip qys ta esik qaghaty­ny beligili.

IYә, qys – qatal syn­shy de­sek, odan qysyl­may, qinal­may shyghyn­syz shyghugha osy ba­s­tan tynghylyqty day­yn­dyq ja­sau qajet. Ýide otyn-suyndy qam­dap, qol­daghy túyaghynnyng jem-shóbin әzirle­gening ab­zal.

Qazir au­yl túrghyn­da­ry osy jaghday­dy oi­lap, qyzu júmysqa kirisip ket­ken. Py­syq aza­mat­tar óz sha­ru­a­syn dónge­letip, ishki esebi boy­yn­sha day­yn­dyq júmy­s­ta­ry­na asa mәn be­ru­de.

Ju­yr­da Jana au­yl au­yl­dyq ok­rugine qara­s­ty Yn­ty­maq eldi me­keninde túra­tyn jas fer­merding ty­nys-tirshiligimen ta­ny­syp, әngime­lestik. Aty-jóni – Do­sym Áliqúlúly. Ol ja­s­tay­y­nan qara júmy­s­pen shyndalghan. Ot­ba­syn­da úldan ýlkeni. Býgingi kýni tórt-bes ba­la­nyng әkesi. Pay­lyq ýlesine tiy­gen 13 gek­tar alqapqa maqta ósiredi. Jyl say­ynghy ta­by­sy da ja­man emes. So­nyng arqasyn­da enseli ýlken ýy de sal­dy. «Be­la­rusi» trak­to­ry­na da qol jetkizdi. Tirke­me­leri taghy bar. Jenil ma­shiy­na­la­ry jýitkip túr.

Do­sym biy­yl egistigine jýgeri ekti. Maqsa­ty men óz jo­s­pa­ry bar. Mal ósiru­men ai­na­ly­su­dy jón sa­nap, jaz­da 10 toqty qoshqar, 1 búza­uly siy­yr, 1 jylqy, 1 ógiz alyp, baghuda.

Jýgerining pa­ya­sy – shóp, dәni – jem. Jem-shóp ózinnen shyqsa, mal ósiru onay. Shyghyn az bo­la­dy. Biy­yl qau­yn baghasy mýldem ar­zan­dap, tómen týsip ketti. Diqan­dar­dyng qabyl­dau punktine alyp barghan ónimderining jar­ty­sy­nan kóbi keri qay­typ jat­ty. So­syn da­lagha ta­sa­taghan­sha dep ótken baghasy­na ha­lyqqa, әsire­se mal baghatyn­dargha sat­ty.

– Qazirgi kýnge deyin bor­daqydaghy mal­dargha 5 tirke­me qau­yn berdim. Ájep­teuir semirip qal­dy. Irigen, pisip ket­ken­derin ja­ryp, qora sha­ty­ry­na ta­s­tay­myz. Búl sho­paghymen keuip, qysta tap­tyr­may­tyn mal azyghy bo­la­dy, – deydi sha­rua jigit.

– Shópti qaytip ja­tyr­syn? – dedik Do­sym­dy sózge tar­typ.

– Izde­gen adamgha shóp kóp. Gýldep, dәndep túrghan jol jaghasyn­daghy jan­taqty «Kiyr-1,5» ag­re­ga­ty­men may­da­lap, eki tirke­me týsirip al­dym. Ol my­nau, – dep qora syr­ty­na jiy­nap qoyghan ma­ya­syn kórsetti.

– Mal­dar túqylyn da qal­dyr­may­dy. Qys­ta sugha qaryp ber­seng siy­yr da jay­pap sa­la­dy. Jylqy ma­ly da búghan ýiren­gen. Endi bir diqan­nyng egistiginde 5-6 gek­tar jer­de sәmek túnyp túr. Birer ap­ta­da qar­by­zyn jiy­nap, tәmam­day­dy. Ony­men kelisip qoy­dym. Soghan ba­ryp әlgindey etip may­da­lap týsirip ala­myn, – dedi Do­sym.

– Jonyshqa ne­ge al­may­syn?

– Qym­bat emes pe? Tirke­mesi 27-35 myng tenge ara­lyghyn­da. Al, my­na әkelip jatqan shópterding әr tirke­mesi 10 mynnan týsu­de. Shyghyn az bol­sa, pay­da da kóp bo­la­dy. Kýzde dәndep, әbden pisken jan­taqtan 4-5 tirke­me sha­u­yp, de­s­te­lep jiy­nap ta­s­tay­myn. Qysy­men ma­lym ra­hat­ta­nyp jep shyghady, – dedi jas jigit mәn-jay­dy týsindirip.

– Mem­le­ket­ten ne­sie alyp, mal ba­syn kóbeyt­peysing be? Qazir ózing siyaqty fer­mer­ler­ge jaghday ja­sa­lyp ja­tyr ghoy? – de­gen súraghymyzgha fer­mer jigit:

– Qara­ja­tym jetkilikti. «Mal baqqangha bitedi» de­mekshi, ke­lesi ap­ta­da taghy 15-20 jay­da­ry qoshqar, bir-eki jylqy ma­lyn sa­typ alyp, bor­daqylay­myn. Mening maqsa­tym – mal­da­rdy semirtip, ýstinen pay­da ta­bu. Bilgen kisige mal asy­rau әri júmys, әri pay­da kózi. Qaryz alyp, mal ústa­u­dy ja­nym qala­may­dy, – dep ja­u­ap berdi.

Óz baqytyn qara­pay­ym enbek­ten ta­u­yp jýrgen jigitting tirshiligine sýisindik. Enbek, tek enbek qana baqytqa ba­s­tay­ty­ny ras-au.

Mal sharushylyghy jayly

Mal sharuashylyghy — auyl sharuashylyghynyng mal ónimderin óndiru ýshin mal ósirumen ainalysatyn salasy. Mal sharuashylyghy halyqty azyq-týlikpen (sýt, may, et, t.b.) jenil jәne tamaq ónerkәsipterinshiykizatpen (jýn, teri, et ónimderi qaldyqtary, t.b.) auyl sharuashylyghy óndirisin kýsh-kólik (at, ógiz, týie, t.b.) jәne tynaytqyshpen qamtamasyz etedi. Mal sharuashylyghy ónimderi men onyng qaldyqtarynan mal azyqtary (mayy alynghan sýt, et-sýiek jәne sýiek úndary, t.b.), dәri-dәrmekter men biologiyalyq belsendi (aktivti) zattar (emdik sarysular, gormondy qosylystar, t.b.) alynady. Mal sharuashylyghy salalarynasiyr, qoy, eshki, jylqy jәne týie sharuashylyqtary jatady.

Mazmúny

  [jasyru] 

Tolyq maqalasy: Mýiizdi iri qara mal sharuashylyghy

Iri qara ósiru qonyrjay beldeuding tabighy jәne mәdeny jayylymdarmen jaqsy qamtamasyz etilgen orman, ormandy dala, dala aimaqtarynda jaqsy jolgha qoyylghan. Dýniyejýzi boyynsha iri qaranyng mal basy 1,3 mlrd-qa jetip otyr. Óndiriletin sýtting barlyghyn derlik, al etting 35%-yn osy iri qara maly beredi. Intensivti sýtti jәne etti-sýtti baghyttaghy mal sharuashylyghy damyghan elderge tәn, olarda mal qolda da, jayylymda da baghylady. Ónimdilik óte joghary bolghandyqtan, búl sharuashylyq salasy jyldan-jylgha órkendeude. Etti baghyttaghy mal kóbinese qonyrjay jәne subtropiktik beldeulerding neghúrlym qúrghaq audandarynda taralghan. Onda ekstensivti otarlap jayylymda baghu jәne kóshpeli mal sharuashylyghy basym keledi. Dýniyejýzinde etti eng kóp óndiretin elder qataryna AQSh, Qytay, Braziliya, Argentina jәne Resey jatady^[1]

Sýt óndiruden AQSh, Resey, Ýndistan, Braziliya jәne Batys Europa elderi erekshe kózge týsedi. Jayylymdyq jerler men shóptesin ósimdikterding jetkilikti bolghanyna qaramastan, Afrikada, әsirese onyng tropiktik aimaqtarynda iri qara sany óte az. Onyng basty sebebi — úiqy auruynyng qozdyrghyshyn taratatyn sese shybyny. Sondyqtan múnda búl aurugha shaldyqpaytyn iri qaradan zebu ósiriledi.^[1]

Tolyq maqalasy: Shoshqa sharuashylyghy

Shoshqa sharuashylyghy dýniyejýzilik et ónimining 40%-gha juyghyn beredi, qazir onyng sany 0,8 mlrd-tan asyp otyr. Iri qaramen salystyrghanda kýy talghamaytyndyqtan jәne tez ósip-ónetindikten búl sharuashylyq adamdar tyghyz qonystanghan aimaqtarda keng taraghan. Dýniyejýzindegi shoshqa sanynyng jartysyna juyghy Aziyagha, onyng ishinde, eng aldymen, Qytaygha keledi. (Aziyanyng kanday elderinde shoshqa mýldem ósirilmeydi, onyng sebebi nelikten?) Sonymen qatar AQSh, Braziliya, Germaniya, Resey, Polisha elderinde de shoshqa sharuashylyghy jaqsy damyghan.^[1]

Tolyq maqalasy: Qoy sharuashylyghy

Qoy sharuashylyghy et-jýn baghytyndaghy jәne biyazy, jartylay biyazy jýn baghytyndaghy bolyp bólinedi. Et-jýn baghytyndaghy qoy sharuashylyghy ylghaly jetkilikti jәne klimaty birshama júmsaq audandarda, al biyazy jýndi qoy sharuashylyghy neghúrlym qúrghaq audandarda taralghan. Dýniyejýzi boyynsha qoy sany 1,2 mlrd basqa jetip otyr. Qoy sharuashylyghynyng et-jýn baghytyndaghy tauarly óndirisi Soltýstik jәne Ontýstik Amerikanyn, Australiya men Ontýstik Europanyn, Ortalyq jәne Orta Aziyanyn, Ontýstik Afrikanyng qonyrjay jәne subtropiktik beldeulerining qúrghaq audandarynda jaqsy damyghan. Biyazy jýndi qoylar óte sapaly jýn beredi, ol jýn matalaryn jasau, kilem toqu men teri-bylghary ónerkәsibinde qoldanylady. Aldynghy Aziya, Orta Aziya jәne Ontýstik Afrika elderinde qarakól eltirisin dayyndau jolgha qoyylghan. Dýniyejýzindegi qoyy eng kóp el — Australiya (130 mln astam), odan keyin Qytay (112 mln-nan astam). Al Qazaqstandaghy qoydyng sany 2008 jyly 16 mln-nan sәl ghana asty. Jýn óndiruden jetekshi elder qataryna Australiya, Qytay, Jana Zelandiya, Urugvay jәne Resey jatady.

Qoy sharuashylyghynyng dýniyejýzindegi asa iri aimaghy — Australiyanyng shóleytti audandary. Qoydyng basym kópshiligi jeke iyelerge nemese kompaniyalargha qaraytyn iri qoy sharuashylyghynda ósiriledi. Onday sharuashylyqtar "shipsteyshnz" dep atalady. "Shipsteyshnz" ondaghan, keyde tipti jýzdegen myng gektardy alyp jatady. Onyng eng ýlkenining audany 2 myng km²-den asady. Múnda bir mezgildegi qoy basy 10—20, tipti 50—100 myngha deyin jetedi. Qoy býkil jyl boyy tabighy jayylymdarda jayylyp baghylady. Kóbinese joghary sapaly jýn beretin biyazy jýndi qoy túqymy — Australiya merinosy ósiriledi. Goulberne qalasynda osy qoygha "Ýlken Merinos" dep atalatyn eskertkish ornatylghan.^[1]

Tolyq maqalasy: Qús sharuashylyghy

Qús sharuashylyghy — auyl sharuashylyghynyng eng jana jәne eng qarqyndy damyp kele jatqan salasy. Ónimning qysqa merzimde óndirilui naryq súranysyna baghyt-baghdar ústaugha mýmkindik beredi. XX ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynan bastap, Soltýstik Amerika men Batys Europa elderinde broyler balapandaryn ósiretin iri qús ósiru keshenderi qalyptasa bastady. Býgingi tanda qústyng sany jóninen Qytay, AQSh, Resey, al júmyrtqa óndiruden Qytay, AQSh, Japoniya, Resey jәne Ýndistan erekshe kózge týsedi. Tauarly qús sharuashylyghy, negizinen, qala mandarynda shoghyrlanghan. Al songhy jyldary joghary mamandanghan qús sharuashylyqtary arzan júmysshy kýshi jetkilikti klimaty qolayly audandargha auysuda.^[1]

Jogharyda atalghan mal sharuashylyghynyng keng taraghan basty salalarynan basqa tabighat jaghdaylarynyng erekshelikterine sәikes Afrika men Aziyanyng shóldi audandarynda týie men eshki ósiru, Ortalyq Aziyanyng tauly audandarynda qodas ósiru, soltýstiktegi tundra zonasynda búghy ósiru siyaqty sharuashylyqtar da kezdesedi. Sonymen qatar omarta sharuashylyghy, jibek qúrtyn ósiru, andardyng keybir týrlerin (әsirese terisi baghaly andar: týlki, susar, búlghyn jәne t.b.), krokodil men týieqús (straus) ósiru siyaqty arnauly sharuashylyqtar da bar.

Mal sharuashylyry barynsha damyghan audandarda ekologiyalyq problemalardyng tuyndaytyny belgili jayt. Mal túyaghynyng әserinen topyraq eroziyasy jýrude, jayylymdardaghy ósimdik jamylghysy jútandanuda, tipti joyylugha jaqyndauda. Al iri intensivti mal sharuashylyghy jinaqtalghan jerlerde (iri qara, shoshqa bordaqylau jәne qús semirtu) topyraq, su jәne aua da lastanugha úshyrauda.

Mal sharuashylyghynyng tarihy osydan 10 myng jylday búryn jabayy januarlardy qolgha ýiretu kezeninen bastau alady. Alghashqyda mal sharuashylyghy tabighy sipatta damyghandyqtan maldardyng ónimdilik baghyttary men túqymdary sanyn úlghaytugha jetkilikti jaghdaylar bolmady. Mal túqymdaryn shygharudyng qarqyn aluy mal sharuashylyghy ónimderin óndiru tauarlary sipat alghan kapitalistik qatynastardyng órkendeuimen tyghyz baylanysta jýrdi. Myndaghan jyldyq tarihy bar mal sharuashylyghynyn Qazaqstannyn ekonomikalyq, әleumettik jәne mәdeny damuyndaghy orny erekshe boldy. 20 ghasyrdyng basyna deyin adamdardyng әl-auqaty men túrmys tirshilik dengeyi týgelge juyq mal sharuashylyghynyng órkendeu dengeyimen anyqtaldy. Qazaqstan jerinde mal sharuashylyghy ejelden jayylym auystyryp otyrudy talap etetin kóshpeli jýie boyynsha damyghandyqtan negizinen qoy, eshki, jylqy jәne týie ósirildi. Salystyrmaly týrde kýtimdi jәne qúnarly azyqtardy kóp qajet etetin siyrdyng keninen taraluy, sonday-aq, qazaq halqy tórt týlik mal sanatyna qospaytyn shoshqa ósiruding qolgha alynuy 19 — 20 ghasyrlarda Reseyden orys sharualarynyng qonys audaryp kele bastauymen tyghyz baylanysty. Sol kezderde Ortalyq Qazaqstan aymaghyndaghy mal sharuashylyghy erekshelikterin anyqtau maqsatynda jýrgizilgen zertteuler nәtiyjesi mal týrleri ýles salmaghynyng tómendegidey bolghandyghyn kórsetti.

Qazaqstanda 19 ghasyrdyng sonyna deyin negizinen qoy, eshki, týie jәne jylqy týlikteri ósiriluining birneshe basty sebepteri bar: Jer aumaghynyng 70%-gha juyghyn (182 mln. ga) osy maldardy ósiru arqyly tiyimdi paydalanugha bolatyn jayylym alqaptary alyp jatty; aitylghan maldar jergilikti tabighat jaghdaylaryna barynsha beyimdeldi, jyl boyyna derlik jayylym azyghyn paydalanyp ósip-óndi, sonymen birge, jergilikti halyq olardyng ózindik qúny tómen jәne zor súranysqa ie ónim týrlerin óndiru men olardy óndeuding tiyimdi tehnologiyalaryn (et, may, sýtten, tagham, jýn, teriden kiyim-keshek, kóshpeli baspana —kiyiz ýi jasau) jaqsy mengerdi. Ár týrli aimaqtardaghy mal sharuashylyghynyng damuy men týlik týrlerining ýles salmaghyna naqty audandardyn jer, su, aua rayy erekshelikteri ýlken әserin tiygizedi. Siyr ósiru әuelden-aq topyraghy qúnarly, shalghyndy aimaqtarda nәtiyjeli jýrgizilse, shól jәne shóleyt jerlerde maldyng negizgi bóligin (80%-dan asa) uaq maldar (qoy, eshki) qúrady.

Qazaqstanda 1916 jyly 18,4 mln. bas qoy men eshki, 4,3 mln. jylqy, 733 myng týie, 5,0 mln. bas siyr ósirildi. 1918 — 21 jyly Azamat soghysy men birneshe ret qaytalanghan jút nәtiyjesinde mal sany 1916 jylmen salystyrghanda 3 eseden asa tómendedi. 1923 — 29 jydy aralyghynda auyl sharuashylyghyn iygeruge baghyttalghan jan-jaqty sharalar barysynda mal sany qaytadan 1916 jylghy dengeyge jetkizildi. Alayda, 1930 — 33 jyly auyl sharuashylyghyn jappay újymdastyru nauqanynda jiberilgen óreskel qatelikter saldarynan mal basy 10 eseden asa qysqardy. Respublika mal sharuashylyghyn qalpyna keltirude 1932 jyly Ortalyq komiytet qabyldaghan “Qazaqstan mal sharuashylyghy turaly” sheshimining manyzy zor boldy. Árbir otbasygha 100-ge deyin qoy-eshki, 8 — 10 siyr, 3 — 5 týie men 8 — 10 jylqy ústaugha rúqsat berildi.

Qazaqstanda auyl sharuashylyghy men óndiristi josparly týrde damytu, jana jerlerdi iygeru jәne otyryqshylyq ómir saltynyng berik ornyghuy Mal sharuashylyghynyng jana baghyttary — sýtti jәne etti mýiizdi iri qara mal sharuashylyghyn, biyazy jәne biyazylau jýndi qoy sharuashylyqtaryn, qarakól qoyy sharuashylyghyn órkendetuge keng jol ashty. 1934 — 90 jyly aralyghynda újymdyq jәne kenestik sharuashylyqtar júmysynyng jýieli úiymdastyryluy Mal sharuashylyghynyng barlyq salalaryn aitarlyqtay joghary qarqynda damytugha mýmkindik berdi. 1990 — 92 jyly Qazaqstanda maldyng 51, onyng ishinde 18 qoy, 11 mýiizdi iri qara, 13 jylqy, 3 týie túqymdary men túqymdyq toptary ósirildi. Olardyng jartysyna juyghy 12 qoy, 4 siyr jәne 3 jylqy túqymy Qazaqstan ghalymdary men Mal sharuashylyghy salasy mamandarynyng birlesken jemisti enbegi nәtiyjesinde shygharyldy. Osy mal túqymdarynyng gendik qoryn tiyimdi paydalanu, zootehnikalyq talaptargha say azyqtandyru men baghugha negizdelgen tehnologiyalardyng keninen qoldanyluy jyl sayyn 1,5 mln. tonna et (soyys salmaghymen), 5,5 mln. tonna sýt, 100 myng tonna (tabighi) jýn jәne 1700 myng danagha juyq qarakól eltirisin óndirudi qamtamasyz etip keldi. 1990 — 2000 jyly auyl sharuashylyghyn reformalauda jiberilgen kemshilikter saldarynan mal sany kýrt kemidi, onyng ishinde siyr 2,4, qoy men eshki 3,7, jylqy 1,7, týie 1,5 esege azaydy. Nәtiyjesinde negizgi mal sharuashylyghy ónimderin óndiru kólemi 2,5 — 3,0 esege deyin qysqardy.

Búl auyl halqynyng әleumettik jaghdayynyng kýrt nasharlauyna alyp keldi, respublika boyynsha jan basyna shaqqanda et jәne et ónimderin tútynu mólsherining 73 kg-nan 40 kg-gha, sýt jәne sýt ónimderining 311 kg-nan 208 kg-gha deyin tómendeuine әkelip soqty (ghylymy negizdelgen mólsherden 2 esedey az). El ekonomikasynyng túraqtaluyna baylanysty, 2000 jyldan bastap Mal sharuashylyghynda ondy ózgerister oryn ala bastady. 1999 — 2000 jyldarmen salystyrghanda (3-keste), 2004 jyly siyr 24,0 — 22,7%-gha, onyng ishinde analyq siyrlar 16,0 — 15,4%-gha, qoy men eshki 16,0 — 15,4%-gha, jylqy 5,4 — 7,2%-gha, týie 18,0 — 17,6%-gha kóbeydi. Búl rette iri qaramen (siyr, jylqy, týie) salystyrghanda, uaq maldar sany (qoy, eshki) 20 ghasyrdyng 90-jyldarynyng basynda tez kemigen bolsa, al qazir qarqyndyraq artyp otyrghandyghy bayqalady. Birinshi jaghday reformanyng alghashqy jyldarynda uaq maldyng baspa-bas esep aiyru qúraly retinde qoldanugha tiyimdi bolghandyghymen, al ekinshi jaghday olardyng ósimtaldyq qasiyetterining jogharylyghymen týsindiriledi.

Tolyq maqalasy: Qazaqstan jerinde mal sharuashylyghynyng qalyptasuy

Qazaq jeri — mal sharuashylyghy qalyptasqan eng kóne aimaqtardyng biri. Jabayy januarlardy qolgha ýiretu neolit dәuirinen bastaldy. Eng alghash qolgha ýiretilgen ýy januarlary — qoy men eshki. Qoydyng arghy tegi — arqar (muflon), al eshkiniki — tauteke. Qoy men eshki mólshermen b.z.d. 8—7-mynjyldyqtarda qolgha ýiretilgen dep esepteledi. Osy kezge jatatyn Jerorta tenizi manayyndaghy túraqtarda qoy men eshkining sýiegi tabylghan.

Siyr túqymynyng dәl qay jerden shyqqany әli anyktalmaghan. Degenmen de qolgha ýiretilgen siyrdyng da eng kóne zamanghy sýiegi b.z.d. 7-mynjyldyqqa jatady, ol Ontýstik Anadoly jerinde (Týrkiya) tabylghan. B.z.d. 6—5-mynjyldyqta Mesopotamiya jerinde mal sharuashylyghy bolghandyghy býginde dәleldengen.^[2]

Qazirgi uaqytta barlyq siyrdyng 87,3%-y jeke menshikte, 6,2%-y sharua qojalyqtarynda, 6,5%-y memlekettik auyl sharuashylyghy mekemelerinde jinaqtalghan. Búl kórsetkishter qoy men eshki týlikteri boyynsha 80,2; 12,3 jәne 7,5%-gha, jylqy týligi boyynsha 83,8; 10,6 jәne 5,6%-gha, týie týligi boyynsha 75,7; 11,3 jәne 13,0%-gha sәikes keledi. Auyl sharuashylyghy mekemelerining sharua qojalyqtaryna (ÓK, AQ, t.b.) bólinuining artyqshylyghy retinde 2000 jyldan bastap jeke jәne sharua qojalyqtarynda orynsyz mal shyghynyna jol berilmeui nәtiyjesinde songhy 3 — 4 jylda týlik týrleri boyynsha mal sanynyng ortasha ósimi 3 — 10%-gha, et, sýt ónimderin óndiru 3 — 6,5%-gha túraqty artyp keledi.^[3]

Býgingi tanda әr elding últtyq óndiristeri negizinde dýniyejýzilik birtútas tauarly auyl sharuashylyghy qalyptasyp keledi. Óndirilgen jalpy ónim mólsheri jóninen Qytay, AQSh, Japoniya, Australiya siyaqty elder jetekshi oryn alady. Jan basyna shaqqanda auylsharuashylyq ónimderimen qamtamasyz etilu dәrejesi jóninen Batys Europanyng damyghan elderi men Kanada, AQSh, Japoniya jәne Australiya erekshe kózge týsedi. Damushy elderde búl kersetkish óte tómen, tipti jalpy ónimdi asa kóp óndiretin Qytay men Ýndistanda ol Kanada jәne AQSh-pen salystyrghanda 5—6 ese tómen.^[1]

Sol sebepti auyl sharuashylyghynyng aldynda әli de ontayly sheshimin tappaghan mәseleler barshylyq. Eng bastysy — halyqty sapaly, qúnarly әri arzan azyq-týlikpen qamtamasyz etu; ainaladaghy ortany lastanudan qorghau jәne tabighat baylyqtaryn paydalanudy, jetildiru.^[1]

Shújyq ónimderi –– eti turamasynan jasalghan jәne jylulyq óndelgen ónimder. Shújyq ónimderi tehnologiyasy men shiykizatqa baylanysty jikteledi:

1) pisirilgen, farshtalghan, jartylay ystalghan, ystalghan, liyverli, qandy, et nandary, pashtetter, zelister jәne silikpeler;

2) et týrine baylanysty – siyr, shoshqa, qoy, jylqy, týie, basqa mal eti men qús etinen jasalghan shújyqtar;

3) shiykizat qúramy boyynsha — etti, qandy, subónimdi, emdәmdik;

4) shiykizat sapasy boyynsha — joghary, 1-, 2- jәne 3-sortqa;

5) qabyqsha týri boyynsha — tabighy qabyqshadaghy (ishek qaryn), jasandy qabyqshadaghy (belokty, sellulozdy), qabyqshasyz (et nany, silikpe, pashtet);

Ár týrli shújyqtar himiyalyq qúramy men taghamdyq qúndylyghy boyynsha ózara tepe-teng emes. Biraq olardyng barlyghynda aquyzdy zattar, V toby vitaminder, lipidter, makro- jәne mikroelementter kóp. Shújyqtardyng taghamdyq qúndylyghy bastapqy shiykizat pen basqa et ónimderining qúndylyghyna qaraghanda joghary. Búl shújyq óndiru prosesinde shiykizattan qúndylyghy tómen tkaniderdi alyp tastaumen týsindiriledi. Shújyqtardyng joghary qúndylyghy, sonymen qatar qúramyndaghy aquyzdy jәne ekstraktivti zattardyn, tomen balqityn shoshqa mayynyng joghary mólsherine negizdelgen. Sýtti, sary maydy jәne júmyrtqany qosu shújyqtardyng tek qana taghamdyq qúndylyghyn jogharylatyp qana qoymay, onyng dәmin jogharylatady. Shújyq ónimderi basqa et ónimderi siyaqty, negizinen, belok kózi bolghandyqtan olardyng taghamdyq qúndylyghy proteinderding jalpy kólemimen, sol siyaqty tolyq qúndy aquyzdar mólsherimen anyqtalady. May mólsheri shújyqtyng sapalyq kórsetkishterin (dәmi, konsistensiyasy) jaqsartatynday shekti mólsherde bolu kerek, óitpese may kóp bolghan jaghdayda dәmdik qasiyeti men sinimdiligi nasharlaydy. Resepturalardy qúrastyrghanda, sonymen qatar dayyn ónimdegi auystyrylmaytyn poliqanyqqan may qyshqyldarynyn, makro- jәne mikro- elementterdin, vitaminderding mólsheri eskerilui kerek. Sonymen, shújyq ónimderi belok, may, ylghal jәne basqa zattar mólsheri boyynsha berilgen himiyalyq qúramymen shiykizat pen óndiru tehnologiyasyn tandau jolymen óndirilui kerek.