Biysembaeva Lәzzat Amandyqqyzy,

Qazaq memlekettik qyzdar pedagogikalyq

uniyversiytetinin agha oqytushy:

Qazaqstan Respublikasy memlekettik tәuelsizdigin jariyalaghannan keyin jana tarihy tanym qalyptastyru ýshintarih ghylymynyng teoriyalyq-metodologiyalyq mәselelerin qayta qarau qajettiligi tuyndady. Sondyqtan 1995 jyly «Qazaqstan Respublikasynda tarihy sana qalyptastyrudyng tújyrymdamasy» dayyndalyp, onda ótken tarihymyzdyng shynayy beynesin jasau qajettigi basa aityldy.  Tarihshy ghalymdardyng aldynda tarihty jazuda, zertteude ózekti mәselelerge jana kózqarastar túrghysynan qarap, derbes, tyng oi-pikirler men tújyrymdar jasau mindeti túrdy. Biraq tәuelsiz, jana tújyrymdar jasau onaygha týsken joq.

Ghasyrgha juyq biylik qúrghan Kenes Odaghynyng qúramynda bolghan halyqtardyng barlyghynyng tarihy birynghay sayasy baghytta jazylghany belgili. Búl, әriyne, alyp imperiyagha qol astyndaghy halyqty uysynda ústap otyru ýshin, orystandyru sayasatyn jýrgizu ýshin kerek boldy. Al, osy sayasatty jýrgizu tarihshylar arqyly jýzege asyryldy. Sondyqtan da, HH ghasyrda tarih ghylymyna jogharydan qysym jasalyp, tarih tapsyryspen jazyldy, qatang baqylauda ústaldy.

Biysembaeva Lәzzat Amandyqqyzy,

Qazaq memlekettik qyzdar pedagogikalyq

uniyversiytetinin agha oqytushy:

Qazaqstan Respublikasy memlekettik tәuelsizdigin jariyalaghannan keyin jana tarihy tanym qalyptastyru ýshintarih ghylymynyng teoriyalyq-metodologiyalyq mәselelerin qayta qarau qajettiligi tuyndady. Sondyqtan 1995 jyly «Qazaqstan Respublikasynda tarihy sana qalyptastyrudyng tújyrymdamasy» dayyndalyp, onda ótken tarihymyzdyng shynayy beynesin jasau qajettigi basa aityldy.  Tarihshy ghalymdardyng aldynda tarihty jazuda, zertteude ózekti mәselelerge jana kózqarastar túrghysynan qarap, derbes, tyng oi-pikirler men tújyrymdar jasau mindeti túrdy. Biraq tәuelsiz, jana tújyrymdar jasau onaygha týsken joq.

Ghasyrgha juyq biylik qúrghan Kenes Odaghynyng qúramynda bolghan halyqtardyng barlyghynyng tarihy birynghay sayasy baghytta jazylghany belgili. Búl, әriyne, alyp imperiyagha qol astyndaghy halyqty uysynda ústap otyru ýshin, orystandyru sayasatyn jýrgizu ýshin kerek boldy. Al, osy sayasatty jýrgizu tarihshylar arqyly jýzege asyryldy. Sondyqtan da, HH ghasyrda tarih ghylymyna jogharydan qysym jasalyp, tarih tapsyryspen jazyldy, qatang baqylauda ústaldy.

Tarihty búrynghy baghytpen (markstik-lenindik metodologiya boyynsha)  jazu –tarih ghylymynyng shenberin taryltyp, tarihshy ghalymdargha tarihy shyndyqqa jetude qiyndyqtar tughyzuda. Sondyqtan da tarih ghylymyn zertteude onyng metodologiyasyn ózgertudi zamannyng ózi talap etip otyr.

Tarihtyng zertteu nysanyn ózgertu maqsatynda keyingi kezde qolgha alynyp jatqan tarihty sayasattan tys, halyqtyng kýndelikti ómiri túrghysynan alyp zertteu, yaghny XX ghasyrdyng orta túsyna deyin keng óris alghan makrodengeydegi tarihtan songhy mezgilde birshama ekpin ala bastaghan mikrodengeydegi tariyhqa bet búru – tarihty zertteudegi qordalanyp qalghan mәselelerding týiinin sheship, shynayy aqiqatqa jetkizetin birden-bir jol bolmaq dep oilaymyn.

XX ghasyrdyng alghashqy jartysyna deyin qoghamdyq jaghday makro dengeydegi tarihtyng (memleket, últ, taptar tarihy) basymdylyq aluyna negiz boldy. Tarihy oy osy baghyttaghy jәne osy mazmúndaghy taqyryptardy iygeruge basymdylyq berdi. Búl zertteu әdisi men baghytynyng әlsiz jaqtary da bolghandyghyn tarihshylar býgingi uaqytta moyyndap otyr.

Tarihy zertteulerding búl әlsiz tústary jeke adamnyn, әsirese qoghamdaghy «kishkentay» adamdardyng (yaghni, qarapayym adamdardyn) kýndelikti ómirine, onyng ómirindegi ózgeristerge jete kónil audarylmay qaluyna baylanysty edi. Álemdik tarihnamada «antropologiyalyq tónkeris» (Antropologiya, tarihy antropologiya (grek sózi - (anthropos-adam) - adamnyng tabighaty turaly ilim, tarihnamada zertteu obektining ózegi retinde adamnyng kýndelikti ómirin, ondaghy materialdyq jәne minez-qúlyqtyq, әdet-ghúryptyq erekshelikter men ózgeristerdi zertteu nysanyna ainaldyrghan baghyt) atanghan búl baghyttyng ereksheligi tarihy zertteulerdegi aksentti globalidy qúrylymdardan kýndelikti ómir tirshiligine audaruynda edi. Yaghni, búl adam fenomenine, onyng tarihy prosestegi ornyna jana bagha beru әreketining kórinisi bolatyn. Basqasha aitqanda, endigi uaqytta tarihnama qarapayym adamdardyng kýndelikti ómir tirshiligine bet búrugha tiyis edi. Al osy qarapayym adamnyng ótken ómirin tanyp bilude sol adamnyng óz auzymen bayandaghan kuәligining orny erekshe baghyt ekendigi aiqyn. Yaghni, Kýndelikti ómir tarihyn zertteu – auyzsha tarih aitu arqyly jýzege asyrylady. Kýndelikti tarih pen auyzsha tarih - búl әleumettik tarihtyng ózara baylanysty tanym qúraldary, ómirdi, sonyng ishinde qarapayym qogham mýshesinin, shaghyn әleumettik toptar men qúrylymdardyng kýndelikti tirshiligin tanyp biluge bastaytyn jol.

Auyzsha tarih degenimiz – ol adamdardyng óz ómirleri turaly, ózderi kuә bolghan ótken oqighalar turaly jazylyp alynghan estelikter.

Auyzsha tariyh»  ("Oral History") úghymy eng alghash Amerika jәne batys zertteushileri enbekterinde oryn aldy. Onyng týpki tamyry terende bolghanymen ghylym retinde boy kóterui ekinshi dýnie jýzilik soghystan keyingi uaqytqa jatady.  Auyzsha tarihta jeke adam biografiyasy arqyly túlgha rolin anyqtaudyng manyzy zor. «Auyzsha tariyh» termiynin Barbe dOriyvelly (1852 j.)  alghash ret ghylymy leksikongha engizgenimen, 1948 jyly Kolumbiya uniyversiytetining professory Alan Nevins júmystarynan keyin keng tarady.

 Qazaqstanda songhy jyldarda ghana qolgha alynuda.

Qazaq qoghamynyng tarihyn jana sapa jәne mazmúnda zerttep bilude kýndelikti tarih pen auyzsha tarihtyng jana metodologiyalyq tanym qúraly retinde manyzy erekshe. Óitkeni últtyng ótken joly osy uaqytqa deyin makrotarih túrghysynan zerttelip jәne bayandalyp keldi, sonday-aq ol kenestik kezende derbes ghylym jәne bilim salasy retinde qalyptasyp, belgili sebepterge baylanysty iydeologiyalyq tapsyrystardy oryndaugha tiyisti boldy. Últ tarihyn, onyng týrli kezender men sayasy jýie jaghdayynda jýrip ótken jolyn týrli iydeologiyalanghan jәne sayasattanghan taldaular men tújyrymdardan arshyp aludyng birden-bir tiyimdi joly tarihnamanyng osy jana baghyttaryna sýienu bolsa kerek.

Kýndeliktilik tarihy songhy jyldary qazirgi zamanghy tarih ghylymynda bolashaghy zor baghyttardyng biri retinde tanyluda. Búryn tarihshylar tek әleumettik, ekonomikalyq, sayasi, demografiyalyq tarihpen, mәdeniyet tarihymen ainalyssa, qazirgi kezde zertteuding negizgi nysany retinde ADAM jәne onyng tarihy ýderisterding әleumettik-ekonomikalyq, sayasi, konfessiyalyq, mәdeni, t.b. faktorlarynyng әserin qalay qabyldaghany alynyp otyr. Adamdardyng kýndelikti ómirinen qoghamdaghy әleumettik, ekonomikalyq, sayasi, mәdeny ýderisterding beynesi kórinis berse, óz kezeginde, kýndelikti ómir de qoghamgha ózining yqpalyn tiygizip otyrady. Adamnyng kýndelikti ómiri men qogham arasyndaghy osy yqpaldastyqty zerttep, saraptau tarihy ýderisterding әrtýrliligin kórsetuge, ótken oqighalardy qayta qarap, jana kózqarastar túrghysynan qayta baghalaugha mýmkindik beredi.

Otan tarihnamasynda da kýndelikti tarih pen auyzsha tarih baghyttary últ pen memleket tarihyna qoghamdaghy qarapayym adam ómiri túrghysynan kelu әreketi retinde qabyldanghany jón. Basqasha aitqanda, qazirgi tanda әleumettik tarih jana mazmúngha ie bolyp, endigi uaqytta taptar, iri әleumettik qúrylym jәne instituttarmen qatar otbasy, әulet, shaghyn qauym siyaqty әleumettik mikro-qúrylymdar tarihy da zertteu obektisine ainalmaq.

Búl baghytta elimizde júmystar bastalyp ta ketti. Mysaly, Qazaqstan tarihy portalynda auyzba-auyz aitylghan әngimelerdi jinap, tirkeuge arnalghan «Auyzsha tariyh» atty arnayy joba úiymdastyrylghan. Abay atyndaghy QazÚPU-de «Aytylghan tariyh» atty ortalyq ashylyp, júmys jýrgizude.