Biz – qazaq ejelden... (jalghasy)

Ózindi-ózing tanu tәjiriybesinen

24.

Qazybek bekting jazbasynan angharylatynday, tek Shapyrashty úrpaqtarynyng ózi, negizinen Jetisudy meken etkenmen, qazaqtyn keng jazirasynda emin-erkin oryn auystyryp jýrgen, tipti, ózge elderge de ketip sinip ketip jatqan. Osynau shejirelik derekterge qaraghanda, ejelgi zamandaghy etnostyq ýderister, bәlkim, til men ómir sýru salty jaqyn bolghandyqtan shyghar, keng kólemde, ýlken aumaqta jýrgen.

Auyzeki aitylatyn shejirelerden bayqalatyny, ghylymy tarihta dәleldengendey, qazaq halqynyng etnogenezi ejelgi zamandar túnghiyghynan bastalady. Shejire, әsirese, Qazybek bekting «Týp-túqiyannan ózime sheyin» atty kitabyndaghy shejire negizge Ýisin – Bәidibek – Shapyrashty jelisin ala otyryp, qatar taraytyn ózge bútaqtardy da tarata kele, alghashqy taraularda әngimelegenimizdey, qazaq tarihyn bizding dәuirimizden búrynghy zamannan tartady. Shyntuaytqa kelgende, múny ghylymy tarih ta dәleldedi. Qazaq halqynyng etnogenezin antropologiya derekteri boyynsha zertteu nәtiyjesinde qazirgi qazaqtardyng ertedegi ata-babalary bizding dәuirimizden búrynghy II jәne I mynjyldyqtarda osy kýngi jerin mekendegen deuge tolyq negiz jasaldy[1].

Halqymyz, dau joq, Úly Dalanyng úlanghayyr aumaghyn ejelden mekendegen bayyrghy avtohtondy ru-taypalar men taypalar birlestikterining birigip-tútasuy nәtiyjesinde ómirge keldi. Olardyng bir halyq bolyp qalyptasuyna, әriyne, ejelgi jәne erte orta ghasyrlardaghy iri-iri etnostyq-sayasy oqighalar, sharuashylyq týrlerining evolusiyasy jәne qoghamdyq qatynastardaghy progrestik ilgerileuler iygi әser etti.

Búl ýderisting jekelegen mәselelerin qarastyru bizding tarihy әdebiyette HH ghasyrdyng alghashqy shiyreginde M. Tynyshbaevtyn, S. Asfendiyarovtyng (M. Tynyshbaev. «Qyrghyz-qazaq tarihyna materialdar», S. Asfendiyarov. «Qazaqstan tarihy óte ejelgi zamannan beri», professor S. Asfendiyarovtyng redaksiyasymen shyqqan «Qazaqstannyng derekkózder men materialdardaghy ótkeni» atty b.z.d. V ghasyrdan – b.z. HVIII ghasyrgha deyingi kezendi qamtityn jinaq)[2], ekinshi jartysynan bastap kóptegen ghalymdardyng (V.F. Shahmatov. «Qazaq halqynyng etnogenezi turaly mәselege», H.M. Ádilgereeev. «Qazaq halqynyng qúrylu tarihyna», M.B. Aqynjanov. «Qazaqtyng tegi turaly», S.K. Ibragimov. «Taghy da «qazaq» termiyni turaly», V.P. Yudiyn. «Moghulstan men Moghuliyanyng moghuldarynyng ru-taypalyq qúramy jәne olardyng qazaq jәne basqa kórshi halyqtarmen etnostyq baylanystary turaly», V.V. Vostrov, M.S. Múqanov. «Qazaqtardyng ru-taypalyq qúramy jәne taralyp ornalasuy», t.b.) jýieli týrde jýrgizgen zertteulerimen jýzege asa bastady[3].

Bir kezderde halyqtardyng shyghu tegin tek lingvistikalyq derekter negizinde ghana týsindiruge bolady degen kózqaras bolghan, múnday úghym әldeqashan artta qaldy. Halyqtardyng qúryluyna adamdar kóshi-qony leginin, yaghny migrasiyanyng roline birjaqty qaraytyn, ne ony asyra baghalaytyn nemese týgelimen joqqa shygharatyn kózqarastardyng qateligi de moyyndaldy. Sóitip, aqyry, halyqtar etnogenezining problemalaryn tarihtyn, sonday-aq arheologiyanyn, antropologiyanyn, etnografiyanyn, lingvistikanyng jәne basqa pәnderding derekterin qoldana otyryp, keshendi týrde zertteu prinsiypi ghylymda bekem ornyqty.

Halyqtyng naqtyly әleumettik-ekonomikalyq ortada qalyptasatyny jәne órkendep-damityny belgili. Sondyqtan da ol etnostyq-әleumettik qauymdastyq bolyp tabylady. Kenestik dәuirde qabyldanghan, tәuelsizdik zamanynda teriske shygharyla qoymaghan tarih ghylymyndaghy úghym boyynsha – halyq dep belgili bir aumaqta ortaq tilmen, materialdyq-túrmystyq jәne ruhany mәdeniyetpen jәne syrt kózge ózindik atauymen kórinetin etnostyq sanamen birikken adamdardyng túraqty qauymdastyghyn ataydy. Al halyqtyng atalmysh belgileri onyng dәstýrlerinde, әdet-ghúryptary men rәsim-salttarynda kórinis tabady. Ótken tarihtan anyq-aqiqat bayqalghanynday, әrbir halyqtyng etnostyq sanasynyng damuy barlyq uaqyttarda ózining әleumettik-aumaqtyq túrghydan úiymdasuyna, tipti óz memleketin qúrugha úmtylysyna úlasyp otyrdy.

Qazaq elining úlan-baytaq ejelgi aumaghynda ómir sýrgen qola jәne ejelgi temir dәuirlerindegi taypalardyng bir-birimen baylanysty ekendigine ghylym kýmәn keltirmeydi. Biz jogharyda Qazybek bek shejiresi negizinde qarastyrghan Usun memleketi, Ýisin taypalar birlestigi, Ýisin Bәidibek úrpaqtarynyng biri Shapyrashty taypasynyng tarihy da ejelgi taypalardyng ózara baylanysty jәne birin biri almastyrghan kóne memlekettermen sabaqtas damyghanyn kórsetedi.

Bizding dәuirimizding alghashqy mynjyldyghynyng orta shenindegi týrkilerding jappay shoghyrlanyp, sinirilip, taraluy Qazaqstan aumaghyndaghy etnostyq-genetikalyq ýderisterding jana manyzdy kezenning bastaluy boldy. Soltýstik Mongholiyadan Amudariyanyng tómengi aghysyna deyingi ken-baytaq aumaqta týrli týrki taypalary ornalasty. Etnostyq aralasu, sinisu ýderisteri óte-móte jedel jýrip jatty. Ómirding barlyq salalarynda kóshpendiler men otyryqshylar, shyqqan tegi jaghynan әr týrli etnostyq toptar arasyndaghy baylanystar keneye týsti. Týrkiler keng jaziralargha ghana emes, qalalar men eldi mekenderge de tarap, ornyqty.

Sol shaqtargha qalyptasqan sayasy faktorlar – Týrki qaghanatynyn, odan keyingi Batys Týrki qaghanatynyng qúryluy taypalar men taypalar birlestikterining integrasiyalanuyna septesti. Týrki qaghanaty ydyraghannan keyin payda bolghan Qarlúq, Týrgesh, Oghyz memlekettik birlestikteri de osy baghytta әreket etti. Birqatar oghyz rulary men taypalarynyng ózindik atalymdary qazaq halqy ishinde saqtalghan, búl olardyng qazaq halqynyng etnogenezine qatysqanyn kórsetedi. Qazaq jerinde týrki tildi taypalardy biriktirgen qimaq (kiymek) konfederasiyasy boldy. Keyinirek búl birlestikti qypshaqtar ózderine baghyndyryp aldy. Sodan bastap «qypshaq» etnoniymi óz ishine kóptegen basqa shaghyn rular men taypalardyng attaryn qamty tartyp aldy.

Qimaqtar men qypshaqtar oghyzdarmen, qarlúqtarmen, týrgeshtermen, basqa da taypalarmen, taypalyq birlestiktermen sharuashylyq-sayasy jәne mәdeny baylanystar jasap túrdy. Sharuashylyq tirshilik pen tilding ortaqtyghy ejelgi qatynastardyng qalyptasuymen qatar birtindep taypalyq erekshelikterdi de joya berdi. Kóne týrki tili (onyng dialekt túrghysynan kýlli ózgeshelikterimen birge) Qazaqstannyn orasan zor aumaghyn mekendeushiler arasynda negizgi til retinde ornyqty. VII ghasyrdyng birinshi jartysyna deyin týrki jazuy payda bolyp, barsha aimaqqa taraldy. Ontýstik jәne Ontýstik-Shyghys Qazaqstannyng qalalarynda biraz uaqyt túrghan irantildi soghdylyqtardyng tilin týrki tili meylinshe yghystyra týsti. Orta Aziyany arabtar jaulap alyp, túrghyndardyng bir bólegi islamdy qabyldaghannan keyin, shekteuli shenberde, negizinen diny jәne zany is-daghdyda, arab tili qoldanysta boldy.

Qarlúqtar, chigilder, yaghmalar Samanidtermen jәne toghyz-oghyzdarmen kýresti, Qarahanidter memleketi qúryldy, onda qarlúqtardyng yqpaly zor boldy. Osynyng bәri Qazaqstannyng ontýstigi men ontýstik-shyghysynyng jәne ortaaziyalyq ózen aralyghynyng sharuashylyq jәne mәdeny túrghydaghy ózara qarym-qatynasyn jedeldetti. Búl ýderis ólkening soltýstigi men shyghysyn mekendegen taypalarmen baylanystardy saqtay otyryp әri nyghayta týsu arqyly jýrdi.

Qalyptasqan etnostyq ahualgha tungus-mongholdan shyqqan qidandardyn, onyng batys tarmaghy bolyp tabylatyn qaraqidan-karaqytaylardyng ólkege basyp kirui pәlendey ózgeris engize alghan joq. Búl jaghdaygha Altay aimaghynan ózderining memlekettik birlestikterin qúrghan naymandar men kereyitterding bir bólegining kelui eleuli әserin tiygizdi. Nayman jәne kereyit taypalarynyng óz atalymdary qazaq geneologiyalyq anyzdaryna engeni, qazaq halqynyng etnostyq komponentterining biri bolyp, qazaq shejiresinen bekem oryn alghany mәlim.

Qazaq halqynyng qalyptasuyna qypshaqtardyng memlekettik birlestigi búdan da eleuli yqpal etti. Qypshaq konfederasiyasy XI–XII ghasyrlarda Ertisten Edilge deyingi zor alqapty alyp jatty. Shyghys derekkózderi búl aumaqqa ontýstik orys dalalaryn da qosyp, Deshti-Qypshaq degen ortaq ataumen ataghan. Qypshaq konfederasiyasy aimaqtaghy ózinen búryn ómir sýrgen etnostyq-sayasy birlestikterding bәrining tabighy jalghasy, múrageri boldy. Ol, sonday-aq, ózderin endi qypshaq dep ataugha kóshken kóptegen taypalar men rulardy bauyryna aldy. V.G.Tiyzengauzenning «Altyn Orda tarihyna qatysty materialdar jinaghyna»[4], ortaghasyrlyq kóptegen avtorlardyng mәlimetterine qaraghanda, qypshaq konfederasiyasyna ondaghan týrki taypalary engen. Tuysqan týrki taypalary konfederasiyagha kirgennen keyin birtindep ózara jaqyndasa týsti.

Osylay, Deshti-Qypshaq aumaghyndaghy ru-taypalardyng sharuashylyq-mәdeny túrpatynyng ortaqtyghy, tili men túrmysynyng jaqyndyghy, olardyng ómir sýru salttarynyng (kóshpendi jәne jartylay kóshpendi mal sharuashylyghy men otyryqshy jer óndeushilik kәsipterinin) ynghayymen ózara әrekettesui arayyndaghy qarym-qatynastardyng damuy jaghdayynda – XI–HII ghasyrlarda Qazaqstan territoriyasynda ru-taypalar men rulyq-taypalyq birlestikterding etnostyq integrasiya ýderisteri jýrip jatty. Osy jolmen qazaq halqy etnogenezining negizgi týiinderi aiqyndaldy. Qazaqtyng halyq bolyp qalyptasuynyng tarihy alghy sharttary jasaldy[5].

Qazaq halqy etnogenezin antropologiyalyq derekter boyynsha zertteude qazaq ghalymy O. Ismaghúlovtyng «Qazaqstannyng etnostyq antropologiyasy. Somatologiyalyq zertteu», «Qazaqstannyng etnostyq genogeografiyasy (serologiyalyq zertteuler)», «Qazaqstan halqy qola dәuirinen qazirgi zamangha deyin (paleoantropologiyalyq zertteu)», K. Siqymbaevamen birigip jazghan «Qazaqstannyng etnostyq odontologiyasy» atty enbekteri[6] erekshe oryn aldy. Búl saladaghy irgeli júmystyng jazyluyna V. Ginzburgting «Soltýstik Qazaqstannan alynghan kraniologiyalyq materialdar jәne ejelgi týrki kóshpendilerining shyghu tegi», A. Ismaghúlovanyng «Batys Qazaqstan oblysy qazirgi qazaqtarynyng kraniologiyalyq materialdary» sekildi jekelegen zertteuler[7] de ýles qosty.

Qazaqtardyng fizikalyq naqty arghy ata-babalaryn da, bergi atalaryn da qazaq halqynyng damuynyng barsha tarihynyng obektivti kartinasyna taqaludyng alghashqy qadamy retinde – uaqyttyng tarihiy-tabighy shkalasy jәrdemine sýienuge bolady dep sanaghan qazaq ghalymdary osy maqsatpen arnayy biologiyalyq-әleumettik keshendi shema-shkala jasady. Múnda olar adamdar qauymdastyghynyng negizgi týrlerin tórt shartty túrpatqa bóldi.

Búl rette tarihiy-hronologiyalyq damudyng barlyq kezenderinde birtútas aumaqtyq negiz ózgerissiz qala beredi. Óitkeni birtútas aumaqtyq negiz jekelegen otbasynan memleketke deyingi bioәleumettik jýieni jýzege asyrudyng asa manyzdy alghysharty retinde qaraldy.

Qazaqstannyng tarihiy-mәdeny damuynyng barlyq týrlerining túraqty tabighy negizi retinde birtútas geografiyalyq aumaq birinshi oryngha shygharyldy. Onda barsha uaqyttardaghy adamdardyng tirshilik qyzmetining izderi sayrap jatady.

Tarihiy-mәdeny damudyng barlyq kezenderi hronologiyalyq shenberlermen mynjyldyqtargha bólindi. Olar, sonday-aq, tarihtyng barshagha belgili jaghy meylinshe múqiyat eskerilip, 12 mәdeniy-tarihy kezenge bólindi.

Sóitip, osy stratigrafiyalyq shema-shkala negizinde tәuelsizdik dәuirinde jýrgizgen zertteulerimen Qazaqstan ghalymdary qazaq halqynyng ejelgi zamannan býgingi kýnge deyingi panoramalyq tarihyndaghy birqatar shartty tipologiyalyq ortaq úqsastyqtar boyynsha genetikalyq baylanystardyng asa manyzdy qabattaryn anyqtady.

Ghalymdar ortaq úqsastyqtardyng birizdi tizbegin tórt shartty (jalpytarihi, lingvistikalyq, etnostyq jәne antropologiyalyq) túrghyda belgilep, múqiyat zertteuler jýrgizu arqyly olardyng birtútas aumaqta úzaq merzim boyy bir maqsatta әrekettesui nәtiyjesinde qazirgi qazaqtardyn antropologiyalyq gomogendiligining aldyn ala aiqyndalyp qoyghanyn anyqtady. «Olardyng negizgi taralyp-ornalasqan audany keyingi orta ghasyrdan beri, etnogeografiyalyq nyshan boyynsha, – Qazaqstan dep atala bastady»[8].

Osy keshendi zertteuler nәtiyjesinde qazaq halqynyng nәsilqúru ýderisining genetikalyq týp-tamyrlary qola dәuirinde ómir sýrgen arghy ata-babalaryna jәne odan bergi týrki tarihiy-mәdeny ortaqtyqty alyp jýrushi, atamekende bayyrghy zamannan túratyn babalargha terendep jalghasyp jatqany dau-damaysyz aqiqatqa ainaldy. Sondyqtan da myndaghan jyldar boyy derbes antropologiyalyq birligi qalyptasyp, etnomәdeny tútastyqqa jetken qazaq halqy – tarihy jәne antropologiyalyq túrghydan – qazirgi Qazaqstan aumaghyndaghy birden-bir jeke-dara múrager, ol ózi mekendeytin qazirgi shekaralar sheginde eshqanday da federasiyagha kire almaytyn, tәuelsiz qazaq elining memlekettik qúrylysynyng unitarlyq sipatyna myzghymas tirek bolyp otyrghan etnos[9].

Sonymen, jogharyda aitylghanday, qazaq halqynyng býgingi tәuelsiz memleket qúryp otyrghan aumaghy keyingi orta ghasyrdan beri qazaq eli retinde atala bastady. Endi osy uaqyttyq kesindining – keyingi orta ghasyrdyng – qay jýzjyldyqqa sәikes keletinine oy jýgirtip kórelik.

Tarih ghylymynda ejelgi dýnie tarihynan song jәne jana tarihtyng aldynan keletin kezendi orta ghasyrlar, ortaghasyrlyq kezeng dep belgileytini belgili. Búl kezen, yaghny orta ghasyrlar, naqty uaqyt kesindisi retinde qarastyrghanda – V ghasyrdyng sonynan bastap HVII ghasyrdyng ortasyna deyingi aralyqtaghy mezgildi qamtidy[10].

Ortaghasyrlyq kezeng Batys Rim imperiyasy qúlaghannan keyin ile-shala bastalyp, Jana uaqyt dәuiri bastalghangha deyin sozyldy. Orta ghasyrlardyng ózin evropalyq ghylym ýsh kezenge bóledi. Qalyptasqan úghym boyynsha Orta ghasyrlardy Erte orta ghasyrlar (shamamen 500-shi – 1000-shy jyldar), Joghary orta ghasyrlar (shamamen 1000-shy – 1300-shi jyldar) jәne Keyingi orta ghasyrlar (shamamen 1300-shi – 1500-shi jyldar) qúraydy[11]. Keyingi ortaghasyrlyq kezendi sonday-aq Janghyru dәuiri dep te ataydy.

«Keyingi orta ghasyrlar» termiynin tarihshylar Evropa tarihynyng XIV – XVI ghasyrlardaghy kezenin jazu ýshin qoldanyp jýrgeni belgili. Degenmen, osy Keyingi ortaghasyrlyq kezenning jogharghy shegin anyqtauda pikir qayshylyqtary bar. Mәselen, ony reseylik tarih ghylymy aghylshyn azamat soghysynyng ayaqtaluymen shektese, batysevropalyq ghylym әdette shirkeu reformasynyng bastaluymen nemese Úly geografiyalyq janalyqtar ashu dәuirimen baylanystyrady.

Resey tarihshylary Keyingi orta ghasyrlar kezenin «monghol-tatar ezgisinen» bastaydy. Búl kezeng orys tarihnamasy boyynsha Joshy úlysynyng biyleushisi Batu hannyng 1243 jylghy shapqynshylyghynan bastau alyp, Altyn Ordanyng әlsireuimen, odan ydyrauymen ayaqtaldy. HIII ghasyrdyng alghashqy jartysynan HV ghasyrdyng 80-shi jyldaryna deyin sozylghan «monghol-tatar ezgisinen» keyin sayasy arenagha Mәskeu patshalyghy shyqty. Artynsha, sol oqighadan son, Joghary orta ghasyrlardaghy ejelgi orys halqy Keyingi orta ghasyrlarda ýshke – úlyorys, ukraiyn, belorus halyqtaryna bólinip ketti[12].

Jogharyda kórsetkenimizdey, qazaqtar mekendeytin aumaqtyng etnogeografiyalyq nyshany boyynsha Qazaqstan dep atala bastaghany uaqyt jaghynan – evropalyq jәne reseylik ghylymda qoldanylatyn tarihtaghy kezendeumen tústastyrghanda – Keyingi orta ghasyrgha dóp keledi. Al Keyingi orta ghasyr, Joshy úlysynyng orys tarihnamasy boyynsha Altyn Ordagha úlasyp úlghayymen aishyqtalghan HIII ghasyrdan, basqasha aitqanda, Shynghyshan imperiyasy qúramyndaghy týrki taypalarynyng birqatarynyng negizinde qazaq halqynyng qalyptasugha bet alghan dәuirden bastalady. Osy tarihy jaghdaydy eskere kelgende, tәuelsiz qazaq tarih ghylymy aldaghy uaqyttarda evropalyq kezendeulerge syn kózben qarap, olardy óz elindegi ózgeristerge sәikestendire tújyrymdaugha kónil bólgeni dúrys bolar edi degen oy tuady. Qalay bolghanda da, evropalyq úghymdaghy Keyingi orta ghasyrlar kezeni biz ýshin – Shynghyshan imperiyasy HIII ghasyrdyng alghashqy shiyreginde irgesin qazirgi qazaq eli aumaghyn shauyp alu esebinen keneytken shaghynan bastalady dep úqqan jón bolatyn tәrizdi.

Jer-jahandy silkilep-titiretushining qazaq jazirasyna 1219 jylghy Ertisten bastaghan ýlken joryghy ómir sýru salty bir-birinikine taqau týrki taypalarynan bolashaq qazaq halqyn úiystyru ýderisine de, ә degende kedergi bolghanmen, artynsha airyqsha serpin berdi. Sondyqtan da Keyingi orta ghasyrdy últtyq tarihymyz Shynghyshannyng Orta Aziyany, úlan-ghayyr qazaq aumaghyn baghyndyrudy kózdegen joryghy, tiyisinshe taghdyrly ózgerister bastalghan tap osy 1219 jyldan bastau aldy dep sanasa әbden dúrys bolar edi (orys tarihynyng Keyingi orta ghasyrdy 1243 jylghy Batuhan shapqynshylyghynan bastaldy dep esepteytinindey retpen).

Sonymen, monghol basqynshylyghy nәtiyjesinde, qazaq jeri de Shynghyshan imperiyasynyng qúramyna engennen bergi uaqytta, aimaqtaghy etnostyq jaghday kóp ózgerdi. Alghashqy jyldarda jaulap alushylar kóptegen qalalar men otyryqshy eldi mekenderdi, eginshilik pen qolóner kәsipshiligi oshaqtaryn oirandady. Kóptegen beybit jer óndeushiler men malshylardy qyrdy. Iri taypalyq toptardy qonys audarugha mәjbýr etti. Ólkedegi óndirgish kýshterdi kýizeltti, oryn alyp túrghan ekonomikalyq jәne mәdeny baylanystardy búzdy.

Talan-tarajgha týsuden qashqan qypshaqtardyng bir bóligi jәne jaulap alushylar Qazaqstannyng shyghysy men soltýstik-shyghysynan qughyndaghan nayman, kereyit toptary Soltýstik Qazaqstan men Batys Sibir jerine qaray aua kóshti. Búl ýderis jayynda jazba derekkózdermen qatar, toponimika, mysaly, Qarqaraly dalasyndaghy Nayman-qashqan («naymandardyng qashuy») jәne Enirekey («taypalar jylap-syqtaghan oryn») degen jer attary da әngimelep bere alady[13]. Eriksiz kóship-qonu monghol biyligi ornyqqan kezde de oryn aldy. Mongholdar әsirese Shyghys Qazaqstan men Jetisuda tandauly jayylymdardy tartyp alyp, jergilikti halyqty atamekeninen yghysugha mәjbýr etti. Olardyng jaulap alghan aumaqtardy úlystargha bólui saldarynan etnostyq jaghynan bir-birine jaqyn tuys toptar bir-birinen airylyp, bólinip te qalyp jatty.

Shynghyshan imperiyasy dәuirley kele, mongholdar qazaq jerindegi týrki halqynyng qúramy men antropologiyalyq túrpatyna da belgili dәrejede yqpal jasady. Týrki taypalary kópshilik bolghandyqtan, degenmen, olar jergilikti týrki tildi halyq ishine sinisip, onyng tili men әdet-ghúrpyn qabyl aldy. Osy orayda Tiyzengauzen jinaghynda keltiriletin arab sayahatshysy әl-Omariyding jazghany nazar audararlyqtay qyzyq. Ol Shyghys Deshti-Qypshaqtyng halqy turaly bylay deydi: «Ejelde búl memleket qishshaqtar eli bolatyn. Biraq, ony tatarlar (mongholdar dep úghynyz – B.Q.) basyp alghannan keyin, qypshaqtar olardyng bodandaryna ainaldy. Sosyn olar qypshaqtarmen aralasty da, qyz alysyp, qyz berisip, tuystasty, sóitip qara jer olardyng tabighy jәne nәsildik sapalaryn jenip shyqty. Olardyng bәri, qúddy bir rudan shyqqanday, tura qypshaqtar tәrizdi bolyp ketti»[14].

Sonymen, mongholdar ózderi jaulap alghan qypshaq jerine qonystanghanynan, olarmen nekege túryp, olardyng – qypshaqtardyng – jerinde ómir sýrip túryp qalghandyghynan, sol jergilikti júrttyng ishine sinip, erip ketti, sóitip, beyne-bir ózderi de solarmen bir rudan taraghan úrpaq tәrizdenip, naq qypshaqtarday, yaghny bolashaq qazaq tumasynday týrge endi. Altyn Orda handarynyng «qypshaq patshalary» atanghany mәlim. Qypshaqtar Aq Ordanyn, keyinirek Ábilqayyr handyghynyng kópshiligin qúrap, qazaq halqynyng qúryluynda manyzdy ról atqardy. Sonymen qatar, naymandar, qonyrattar, arghyndar, kereyitter, dulattar, osy aumaqtaghy ózge de avtohtondy týrki taypalary negizinde qazaq halqy qalyptasty[15].

Este tútatyn jәit sol, monghol shapqynshylyghy qazaq halqynyng qalyptasugha baghyt alghan ýdemeli ýderisin edәuir tejegenmen, toqtata alghan joq, qayta, shyghystan ózge týrki toptarynyng qonys audaryp keluimen, jana serpin berdi. Bayau da bolsa, jer óndeushilikti negizge alghan sharuashylyqtaghy, qolóner kәsipshiligindegi tynys-tirshilik qayta jandandy. Qalalar boy kóterdi, sauda baylanystary janghyrdy. Shyghu tegi, tili, materialdyq jәne ruhany mәdeniyeti jaghynan tuystas etnostyq-sayasy birlestikterding erteden-aq ózara jaqyndasugha tendensiyasy qayta nyghaya bastady. Noghay Ordasynda, Aq Ordada, Ábilqayyr handyghynda, Mogholstanda tolastamaghan soghystar men tartystargha qaramastan, qazaq halqynyng ózindik kelbetine enu jolyndaghy osynday birigu, toptasugha úmtylu ýderisi odan әri kýsheye týsti.

Qazaq halqynyng qalyptasu ýderisi ózindik mәdeniy-sharuashylyq ýlgide – kóshpendilik tәsilmen mal ósiru kәsibi negizinde birtútas etnostyq aumaqta oryn aldy.

Kóptegen etnostyq-sayasy jәne sharuashylyq faktorlardyng әrekettesuleri men ózara әserleri nәtiyjesinde Qazaqstan aumaghynda ýsh negizgi etnoaumaqtyq birlestik payda boldy, olar – qazaq tarihynda tereng oryn alghan Úly, Orta jәne Kishi jýzder. Jýz dep әdette jalpyqazaq etnostyq aumaghynyng belgili-bir bóligin mekendeytin qazaq ru-taypalarynyng iri birlestikterin ataghan. Ras, zertteushilerding arasynda «jýz» úghymy «bólik», «tarmaq» yaky «bútaq» degendi bildiredi, sonday-aq «jýz», «jýzdik» maghynasyn beredi dep payymdaytyndar[16] boldy, búl oy 1957 jylghy «Qazaq SSR tarihynda» da kórsetilgen-di[17].

Qazaq jýzderining qashan jәne qalay payda bolghany jayynda týrli pikir bar. Keybir tarihshylar jýzder qazaq halqy qúrylghannan kóp búryn, Batys Týrki qaghanaty ydyraghan kezde payda boldy degen boljam aitady. Mәselen, S. Amanjolov ózining «Qazaq tilining dialektologiyasy men tarihynyng mәseleleri» degen enbeginde arghyqazak aumaghynyng ýsh jýzge bólinui kóne týrkiler dәuirinde bastalyp, X–XII ghasyrlarda ayaqtaldy dep sanaydy[18]. Sonday oidy H. Ádilgereevtin «Qazaq halqynyng qúrylu tarihyna» atty júmysynan da oqugha bolady[19]. Al V. Veliyaminov-Zernov «Qasymdyq patshalar men patshazadalar turaly zertteu», M. Krasovskiy «Resey geografiyasy men statistikasy ýshin materialdar. Sibir qazaqtarynyng oblysy» atty júmystarynda qazaq jýzderining ýsh derbes úlys bolghandyghyn jәne olardyng XV – XVI ghasyrlar sheginde úiysqan Qazaq handyghyna bastau, negiz bolghandyghyn aitady[20]. N. Aristov qazaqtyng ýsh jýzge bólinu ýderisin jonghar shapqynshylyghy dәuirine, al Sh. Uәlihanov Altyn Ordanyng ydyrau kezenine jatqyzady[21].

Shoqan Uәlihanovtyng qazaqtardyng ýsh jýzge bólinuin ózderi kóship-qonyp jýrgen aimaqtarda óz qúqtaryn qorghau ýshin odaqtar qúrghandyghymen baylanystyruy tarihy shyndyqqa meylinshe jaqyn. Sonday oidy odan keyingi tarihshylar V.Bartolid pen M.Vyatkinnen de kezdestiremiz. Bartolid maldy kóshpendilik әdispen baghudyn jaratylys jaghdayyna oray tuyndaytyn aiyrmashylyqtaryna baylanysty jýzder payda boldy dep sanaydy. Onyng oiynsha, Jetisu men Syrdariyanyng ortanghy aghysyn qamtityn aimaq ózindik ereksheligi bar sonday bir audan bolghan. Odan aiyrmasy bar ekinshi audan – Sarysu ózeni men Syrdariyanyng tómengi aghysyn alyp jatqan aimaq, al ýshinshisi – Batys Qazaqstannyng qazirgi aumaghy[22]. Vyatkin de qazaqy jýzderding qúryluy tabighiy-geografiyalyq jәne sayasi-ekonomikalyq sebepterding әserinen boldy dep esepteydi. Sonday-aq onyng enbeginen – jýzderding alyp jatqan aumaqtary Jayyqtan Aqtóbege, Sarysu men Syrdariyanyng tómengi aghysynan Ertis, Tobyl, Esilge, Syrdyng ortanghy aghysynan Shu ózenine deyingi audandardaghy negizgi jayylymdargha sәikes keledi jәne jaylau, kýzdeu, qystau, kókteu mausymdaryna oray jýretin kóshi-qon marshruttaryna sәikes keletinin kóremiz[23]. Ol jýzderding payda boluyna geografiyalyq faktorlarmen qosa sayasat ta әser etkenin, jýzderding «erekshe sayasy odaqtar» retinde qalyptasuy HVI ghasyrdyng ayaghynda oryn alghanyn jazady[24]. Al shyghys hronikalarynda qazaq tarihynan keltirilgen derekter jýzderding handyq qúrylghangha deyin bolghanyn kórsetedi[25].

Qazaqtardyng ózderining anyzdary boyynsha – birneshe ghasyr ilgeride Alasha han halqyn ózining Ýisin, Arghyn, Alshyn degen ýsh úlyna bólip beripti, olardyng әrqaysysy jeke ordanyng basy bolghan eken de, sodan olar Ýlken, Orta, Kishi jýzder dep atalypty. Soghan úqsas anyzdy Levshin de atap kórsetedi. Sonday anyzgha negizdelgen әdebiyetting biri «Rossiya halyqtary» degen kórkem alibom eken, onda qazaqtardyng ýsh ordagha bólinetini, olardyng әrqaysysy óz tegin «monghol biyleushisi Alashyhannyng ýsh úlynyng birinen» bastaytyny jazylghan. Ýsh jýzge bólu XVI ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynda Haq-Nazar (Aqnazar) hannyn túsynda jýzege asyryldy degen de joramal bar[26].

Jýzderding qúryluyn mýmkin etken jaghdaylar bir mezgilde tua qalghan joq. Oghan Qazaq eli aumaghynda Shynghyshan imperiyasyna deyin de úzaq uaqyt boyy týrli iri-iri etnostyq-sayasy memlekettik qúrylymdardyng boluy әserin tiygizdi. Al mongholdar jaulap alghannan keyin qúrylghan monghol úlystarynyn, әsirese Joshy úlysynyn, Altyn Ordanyn, sodan keyin Aq Ordanyn, Noghay Ordasynyn, Ábilqayyr handyghynyn, Mogholstannyng búl ahualdyng pisip-jetiluine jәne tarihy túrghyda jýzderding qalyptasuyna yqpaly zor bolghany anyq. Etnostyq ýderister men qoldanystaghy tilding ortaqtyghy, sharuashylyq jýrgizu túrpatynyng birtektiligi ru-taypalardyng jogharyda atalghan týrli memlekettik qúrylymdar qúramynda jýrgenine qaramastan, birtútas qazaq retinde qalyptasuyn әzirley berdi.

Qazaqtardyng shyghu tegining óte erte zamandargha ketetinin jәne olardyng etnostyq tútastyghyn vengr týrkology, shyghystanushy, etnograf, sayahatshy Arminiy (German) Vamberi (1832–1913) óz enbekterinde dәleldeuge tyrysty. Ol 1863 jyly Ortalyq Aziyagha sayahat jasap, sol sapary jayynda jazghan enbekterinde týrki halyqtarynyng tili, mәdeniyeti, tarihy, tynys-tirshiligi, ómir sýrip jatqan geografiyalyq ortasy haqynda qúndy maghlúmattar keltirgen bolatyn[27]. Qazaqtardyng kóp ghasyrdan beri bar ekenin ol «sonau H ghasyrdyng ózinde Konstantin Porfirorodnyidyng Qazaqiya turaly eske aluymen, al HI ghasyr jazushysy Firdousiyding «qazaq handary» jóninde aitqanymen» nezizdep, dәleldeuge tyrysady. «Qazaqtardyng tilinde, olardyng qúlyqtarynda, әdetteri men minezderinde aiyrmashylyq joq boluy, búl qasiyetterding Kaspiy tenizinen Altaygha deyin jәne Oraldan Tyani-Shaninyng etegine deyin sozylghan kýlli qazaq dalasynda birdey kórinui» Vamberiyge esh kýdiktenbesten, «qazaqtargha ortaq fizikalyq túrpat tәn jәne osynau sany edәuir kóp halyq bir taypadan shyqty» dep tanugha negiz beredi.

Qazaqtardyng әdet-ghúrpy men tili jaghynan bólip-jarylmaytyn birtútas әlem ekenin akademik V.V. Radlov ta aitqan-dy. Ol ózining «Týrki taypalarynyng halyqtyq әdebiyetining ýlgileri» atty irgeli enbegining III-tomynda: «Keng jaziranyng barlyq jerde eshqanday ózgerissiz bir ghana sipat saqtaytynynday, onyng orman-toghaysyz jalanash shoqylardy basa sozylyp jatqanynday, dalanyng tek әr jerden ghana alasa búta tilimdeytin birkelki ósken qyrlyq shópti jamylghysha jamylghanynday, osy jazira túrghyndary da әdet-ghúryp pen tilde birkelkilik kórsetude, taypanyng alysqa taralyp ornalasuyn kórgende, búghan tipti aqyl jetpeydi deuge bolady, al olar ózderi meken etetin eldin eng dәl kórinisin beyneleydi», – dep jazdy[28].

«HIV ghasyrdyng ortasyndaghy – XVI ghasyrdyng basyndaghy Ontýstik-Shyghys Qazaqstan. Sayasy jәne әleumettik-ekonomikalyq tarihynyng mәseleleri» degen enbeginde K.A. Pishulina Aq Orda men Mogholstan memleketterinde solargha qarasty aumaqtardy mekendeytin taypalardyng etnostyq túraqtanuy oryn alghanyn kórsetedi. Ghalymnyng dәleldeuinshe, Qazaqstan halqy etnostyq jaghynan barghan sayyn birtekti bola týsken jәne deni týrkilik ortagha ainalghan. Týbi bir týrki ru-taypalarynyng etnostyq-sayasy jәne sharuashylyq-mәdeny túrghydan jaqyndasyp damy týsu dәstýrleri HIII ghasyrdaghy mongholdar shapqynshylyghy saldarynan birshama toqyraghanmen, kóp úzamay qayta jandandy. Sóitip, ishinde Shapyrashty ruy bar Ýisin ru-taypalar birlestigi ómir sýrip kele jatqan aumaq bolyp tabylatyn Mogholstannyng basty bóligi men Jetisuda – Úly jýz, Ontýstik Qazaqstannyng keybir audandary men Ortalyq Qazaqstanda – Orta jýz, Batys Qazaqstanda – Kishi jýz qalyptasty[29].

Qazaq halqynyng qúryluy jayynda «Qazaq SSR tarihynda»: «Etnosayasy ahual bylay qalyptasty: belgili bir taypalyq toptar belgili bir uaqytta әrtýrli memlekettik qúrylymdarda (Aq Ordada, Moghúlstanda, Ábilqayyr handyghynda, Noghay Ordasynda jәne basqalarda) boldy, olardyng taralyp ornalasu aumaghy syrttan qysym kóru nemese feodaldyq soghystar, ózara tartystar, aua kóshuler saldarynan oryn auystyryp otyrdy, biraq biriguge degen basty baghyt, degenmen, barsha tosqauyldy jaryp ótip, ózine jol saldy, halyqtyq sana, ózining bir halyqtyng bólshegi ekenin úghynu – ainalyp kelgende, taypalyq sanadan basym týsti», – dep jazyldy.

Jogharydaghy ýzindide atalghan әrtýrli memlekettik qúrylymgha bólinip jatsa da, Qazaqstan aumaghynda túratyn halyqtyng deni bir tildi – qazaq tilin paydalandy[30]. Taghy bir atap aitarlyq erekshelik sol – «HIV–XV ghasyrlargha qatysty antropologiyalyq material qazaqtardyng antropologiyalyq túrpatynyng negizinen bir bolghanyn aiqyn kórsetedi»[31].

Qysqasy, Qazaq handyghy qúrylar qarsanda býgingi qazaq eli aumaghynda túratyn týrki ru-taypalary birneshe memlekettik qúrylymda shashyrap jatqanyna qaramastan, tili, dili, túrmys-tirshiligi, psihikalyq bitimi, mәdeniyeti, ómir sýru salty bir qazaq halqy retinde qalyptasyp bolghan edi...

25.

Qazaq handyghynyng negizi qalanghan uaqyt – 1456 jyl degen mәlimetti biz orys tarihshy-ghalymdary enbekterinen kenes dәuirinde-aq oqyp-bilgenbiz. Osy jyly Kerey jәne Jәnibek esimdi eki súltan Ábilqayyr hannan bólinip, qaramaghyndaghy júrtyn sol zamanda Mogholstan memleketine qaraytyn Jetisugha alyp kelgen bolatyn. Olar Mogholstannyng biyleushisi Esen-búghanyng rúqsatymen osynda Shu ózeni boyyndaghy Qozybasy degen jerge ornalasqan. Sol oqighadan qazaq memlekettiligi bastalghany tarihy әdebiyette orta ghasyrlarda-aq jazylghan. Búl jәitti orys jәne evropalyq shyghystanushylar da birauyzdan moyyndaghan edi. Kerey men Jәnibekting túnghysh ret óz atauymen tarih sahnasyna shyqqan Qazaq handyghyn qúrudaghy birinshilik, irgetas qalaushylyq oryny dau-damaysyz anyqtalghandyqtan da, olardy zertteushi bitkenning bәri qazaqtyng últtyq memlekettigining negizin salushylar dep biletini belgili.

Orys tarihshy-shyghystanushy ghalymy akademik Vladimir Vladimirovich Veliyaminov-Zernov (1830–1904)[32] Mogholstan jerine Ábilqayyr handyghynan qashqan birer taypany bastap kelgen Kerey men Jәnibek әreketi jana memlekettik qúrylymnyng bastauy bolghanyn ghylymy ainalymgha HVI–XVII ghasyrlar avtorlary (Myrza Múhammed Haydar Dulatiyding «Tariyh-y Rashidiy», Qadyrghaly Jalayyriyding «Jami-at tauariyh», Hafiz Tanyshtyng «Abdollanama», ZaHir әd-Din Babyrdyng «Babyrnama») tuyndylaryn tarta otyryp bayandaydy[33]. Ol ózining Ryazani oblysyndaghy Qasym patshalyghy (handyghy) tarihy jayynda jazyp, 1863–1866 jyldary jaryq kórgen «Qasymdyq patshalar men patshazadalar turaly zertteu» atty ýsh bólimnen túratyn enbegining 2-bóliminde Qazaq handyghyna edәuir toqtalady. Onda «Tariyh-y Rashidiydin» («Rashid tarihynyn») avtory Múhammed Haydar Dulatiyding óz enbeginde qazaqtar turaly hijra jylsanaghymen 860–944 jyldar ishindegi, yaghny zamanalyq kýntizbemen 1456 jyldan 1537-1538 jyldargha deyingi aralyqtaghy, yaghny seksen jyldan asatyn kezendegi maghlúmattardy keltiretinin, sol dәuirdegi basty túlghalar retinde Joshyhan úrpaghy Kerey men Jәnibek handardy, Kereyding úly Búryndyq handy, Jәnibekting úldary Ádik pen Qasym handy jәne Ádikting úly Tahir handy ataytynyn aitady[34].

«Rashid tarihynyn» negizgi mazmúny Shaghatay túqymynyng (Shaghataidterdin) shyghys bútaghynyng tarihyn, úlystaghy duglat (dulat – B.Q.) taypasynyng dәuirleuin әzirlegen ishki kýresti jәne dulatty iyelenushilerding Shyghys Týrkistandy basqaruy jayyn bayandaudan túrady. Búl enbek – HIV ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynan XVI ghasyrdyng alghashqy jartysyna deyingi mogholdar men Mogholstan tarihy jónindegi negizgi derekkóz, sonymen birge onda birqatar ortaaziyalyq týrki halyqtary, onyng ishinde qazaq halqynyng tarihy, qazaq-moghol, qazaq-ózbek qarym-qatynastary jayyndaghy faktilerge bay material bar[35].

Búl aituly enbekting avtoryn «Mirza Muhammad Haydar ben Muhammad Husayn-kurekan doglat» dep ataghan. Bizdinshe – Dulat Múhammed Qúsayyn-kurekannyng Myrza Múhammed Haydary, Múhammed Haydar Dulatiy. Onyng Ayaz degen әdeby laqap aty bolghan. Ony kóbine Myrza Haydar nemese Haydar-myrza deytin. Ol jayyndaghy negizgi maghlúmattardyng bәri onyng ózining shygharmasynda bar. Muhammad Haydardyng ata-babasy doghlat (dulat) degen moghol taypasynyng әmirleri bolghan. Olar túqymymen Qashqariyanyng múrager iyelenushileri jәne basqarushylary eken. Múhammed Haydardyng Qashqardy biylep túrghan atasyn 1480 jyly ózining nemere tuysy Ábu-Bәkir quyp shyghady. Múhammed Haydardyng әkesi Múhammed Qúsayyn eki jylday timurid (Zahiyr-ad-Din Babyrdyng әkesi) Omar-Shayhtyng sarayynda bolady. Kýrdeli ómir sýrip, Shaybaniy-han әmirimen óltiriledi.

Múhammed Haydar Dulaty emigrasiyada, Tashkentte 1599-1500 jyly tudy. Ol Zahiyr-ad-Din Babyrmen bóle boldy: onyng anasy Zahiyr-ad-Dinning anasynyng sinlisi edi. Ákesi óltirilgennen keyin Múhammed Haydardyng basyna da qauip tóngen-di. Tuysqandary ony Búharagha jasyrdy. Odan ol әueli Badahshangha, sosyn Kabulgha – Babyrgha qashty. Babyrmen birge onyng Orta Aziya joryqtaryna qatysty. 1512 jyly Ándijanda Súltan Saiyd-hangha qosylyp, sonyng armiyasymen ózining ata-babasynyng otany Qashqariyagha qaytyp oraldy. Búl joryq Ábu-Bәkir Dulattyng talqandaluymen, sóitip, Qashqariyada Moghuliya atanghan jana memleketting ornauymen ayaqtaldy.

Múnda Múhammed Haydar Dulaty saray manyndaghy jәne әskerdegi iri lauazymdarmen qyzmet atqarady. Sonyng ishinde ol Súltan Saiyd-hannyng úly, taq múrageri Ábdi әr-Rashid súltannyng tәrbiyeshisi bolady. Odan ol hannyng Tiybetke jasaghan joryghyna qatysady. Han sol joryq kezinde, 1533 jyly opat bolady.

Ábdi әr-Rashiyd-han, әkesi qaza tapqannan keyin, Múhammed Haydar Dulatiyding tuystaryn jazalaugha kirisedi. Sodan Múhammed Haydar úzaq uaqyt Badahshandy jәne oghan kórshi tau elderin kezip, aqyry Ýndistangha ketedi.

Ómirining songhy jyldarynda ol Úly Mogholdar atynan ózi jaulap alghan Kashmirdi basqaryp túrdy.1551 jyly taulyq taypalardyng birimen shayqas kezinde óz mergenining kezdeysoq tiygen jebesinen qaza tapty.

Múhammed Haydar Dulaty ómirining sonyna deyin atamekenine oralu ýmitin ýzbegen siyaqty. «Rashid tarihyn» jazuynyng ózi sol kezde Qashqardy biylep túrghan Ábdi әr-Rashid hannyng aldynda ózin aqtaugha tyrysqandyq tәrizdi kórinedi. Shygharma Kashmirde jazylghan. Birinshi bólimin avtor 1546 jyly, ekinshisin odan búrynyraq – 1541/1542 jyly ayaqtaghan[36].

Jogharyda aitqanymyzday, Múhammed Haydardyng «Rashid tarihyndaghy» qazaqqa qatysty derekterdi orys shyghystanushysy Veliyaminov-Zernov ózining Ryazani oblysyndaghy Qasym-qala handary men hanzadalary jayyndaghy zertteuinde keltirgen. Ol parsy tilindegi týpnúsqanyng keybir taraularyn orys tiline audaryp, atalghan enbegine qosqan. Biraq, «Qazaqstannyng ótkeni derekkózder men materialdarda» jinaghyn qúrastyrushylar atap ótkendey, «Mogholstan elining geografiyalyq suretteuin beretin taraudy, ókinishke qaray, zertteushi tastap ketken», al onyng sol kezdegi «qúramyna qazirgi Ontýstik Qazaqstan oblysy, Shu jәne Talas ózenderining (ortanghy jәne jogharghy aghystary) alqaby men qazirgi soltýstik Qyrghyziya kiretin»[37].

Shynynda, Múhammed Haydar Dulatiyding atalmysh enbegining ekinshi dәpterindegi (bólimindegi – B.Q.) «Moghúlstan men onyng shekaralarynyng surettelip jazyluy» tarauy erekshe tanymdy, oghan býgingi tarih әuesqoyynyng da qyzygha qarary sózsiz. HVI ghasyr avtory «qazir Moghúlstan atalatyn aumaqtyn» kólemining «eni men úzyndyghy 7–8 aigha sozylatyn joldy qúraytynyn» jazghan.

Moghúlstannyng shyghystaghy shet aimaghy Baryskól, Emil men Ertisti qosyp alyp, qalmaqtar jerine tiyip jatyr. Soltýstiginde ol Kókshe-tenizben (HVIII ghasyrda Kókshe-teniz atauy Balqash kóli dep ózgertilgen[38]), Bum jәne Qaratalmen, batysynda – Týrkistanmen jәne Tashkentpen, ontýstiginde – Ferghana uәlayatymen, Qashqarmen, Aqsu, Shalysh jәne Túrfanmen shektesedi. Múhammed Haydar osy shekaralar ishinde ózining ontýstik shekarany kórgenin, sol ózi kórgen aimaqta – Tashkentten Ándijangha deyin on kýndik jol, Ándijannan Qashqargha deyin – jiyrma kýndik jol, Qashqardan Aqsugha deyin – on bes, Shalyshtan Túrfangha deyin – On, Túrfannan Baryskólge deyin – on bes kýndik jol ekenin aitady. Al Baryskól – Moghúlstannyng shyghys shekarasy bolyp tabylady.

Ontýstik shekaranyng úzaqtyghyn sauda kerueninin ýsh ailyq jolyn qúraytynyn, jolda toqsan asu, ótkel baryn jaza kelip, avtor Moghúlstannyng qalghan ýsh tarapyn óz kórmegenmen, baryp qaytqan adamdardyng әngimeleri arqyly bilgenin aitady. Solardyng sózine qarap, búl ýsh taraptaghy shekaralardyng úzyndyghy jeti-segiz ailyq jol bolatynyn jazghan. Jәne sol aimaqtardyng kópshiligining tau men dala (sahra) ekenin, olardyng «jagha jaghymdylyghy men tazalyghyn surettep jazugha sóz taba almaytynyn» aitqan. Al kólderding kóptigi sonday, «olardyng ataularyn eshkim jadynda saqtay almaydy», «Moghúlstannan ózge jerden múnday kólderdi kezdestire almaysyn, olardy surettep jazugha mýmkindik joq»[39].

Moghúlstan (Mogholstan) – «Mogholdar eli» degen úghymdy beretin parsy atauy. Mongholdardyng halyqtyq atauyn Orta Aziyada osylay, «moghol» dep, ortanghy bir әrpin – «n»-di tastap aitatyn bolghan. Al qazaqtar, Shәkәrimning әigili shejiresine qaraghanda, «mongholdy» mýldem qazaqylandyryp, «maghol» dep ataghan tәrizdi[40]. XIV ghasyrdyng ortasynan bastap, jergilikti handardyng әskery kýshin qúraytyn búrynghy Shaghatay úlysynyng shyghys bóligining kóshpendilerin mogholdar deytin bolghan[41].

Búl shaqta Shaghatay men Ámir Temir túqymdary (shaghataidter men timuridter) arasynda Sayram men Tashkent ýshn údayy kýres jýrip jatatyn, keyinirek oghan ózbekter men qazaqtar qosylghan-dy. Mine osy uaqyttaghy qazaqtar jóninde «b.d. 1456 jyldan 1527 jylgha deyingi kezendi qamtityn kóptegen mәlimetterdi Múhammed-Hayder (Múhammed Haydar Dulaty – B.Q.) óz ocherkinde habarlaydy»[42].

Múhammed Haydar Myrza moghúl úlysynyng eki bólikke bólingenin aitady. Ekigi bólingen úlystyng biri – moghúldardiki, ekinshisi – shaghataylardiki eken. «Biraq osy eki bólimshe ózara dúshpan boluy sebepti», eki jaq birine biri qarsylasyn jek kóretinin bildiretin, kemitetin, mensinbeytin attar qoyypty. Shaghataylar moghúldardy «jete», al moghúldar shaghataylardy «qaraunas» dep ataghan kórinedi.

Al Múhammed Haydar shygharmasyn jazyp otyrghan uaqytta, yaghni HVI ghasyrdyng 40-shy jyldary, «Babyr padishahtyng úldary bolyp tabylatyn shaghataylyq padishahtardan basqa», Mogholstanda «shaghataylardan bir adam da qalmaghan. Olardyng múragerlik qalalary men oblystaryn, shaghataylardyng ornyna, basqa adamdar iyemdenip alghan». Avtor atap aitpaghanmen, búl shaqta Mogholstannyng bir bóligi Qazaq handyghy qúramyna bekem enip ketken bolatyn. «Moghúldar Túrfan men Qashqardyng sheginde otyz mynday ghana qaldy, al Moghúlstandy ózbek-qazaqtar men qyrghyzdar basyp aldy. Qyrghyzdar moghúl taypasynan bolghanmen, olar moghúl qahandaryna qarsy kóteriliske jii shyqqandyqtan, moghúldan bólinip ketti...»[43]

Al Mogholstannyng bir púshpaghynda Qazaq handyghynyng negizi salynghan oqigha men onyng sebebi jayynda professor Sanjar Aspandiarovtyng basqaruymen әzirlenip, 1935 jyly jariya etilgen kóne derekkózder men materialdar jinaghyndaghy «Tariyh-y Rashidiyden» alynghan ýzikte bylay delinedi: «...Al búl kezde (860 = 1456 j. shamasynda) Deshti-Qypshaqta Ábil-Qayyr-han biylik jýrgizip túrghan edi; odan Joshy túqymy súltandary óte qatty qysastyq kórdi, sodan olardyng ekeui, Jәnibek-han men Kerey-han Mogholstangha qashty. Isa-Búgha-han qashqyndardy jaqsy qarsy alyp, olargha Mogholstannyng batys shet aimaghyn qúraytyn Dju (Shu – B.Q.) jәne Qozybasy ólkesin bólip berdi. Sonda olar tynysh ómir sýre berdi»[44].

Búl eki túlghanyng shaybanid Ábilqayyr han qúzyrynan qashyp Mogholstan memleketi jerine – ýisinder mekendeytin aimaqqa kóship kelui «qazaqtardyng eki tobyn – Orta jәne Úly jýz taypalaryn bir memleketke baylapnystyru, jana sayasy birlikting qúryluyna sebep boldy»[45].

Qazaqtar iri-iri etnostyq top retinde monghol imperiyasynyng kýiregen oryndarynda payda bolghan Aq Orda, Noghay Ordasy, Sibir handyghy, Ábilqayyr handyghy, Mogholstan sekildi memleketterge qarap túrghan-dy. Búl sayasy birlikterding bәri, olardy Shynghyshan túqymdary biylegenmen, «jergilikti taypalar odaghynyng negizinde»[46] payda boldy.

Búlar qazaq memlekettigining izashary ispetti edi, is jýzinde olar qalyptasqan qazaq halqynyng әr aimaqtaghy bólikterining týrli kórinistegi sayasy birlestikteri, handyqtary bolatyn.

Orta ghasyrlarda әr jana sayasy qúrylymnyng ómirge kelui nemese ómir sýruin toqtatuy biylikten ketirilgen bir әuletting ornyna ekinshi bir ony jengen әulet ókilderining ornyghuymen baylanysty jýzege asyp jatatyn-dy. Osy formulagha sәikes, shaybanilyq Ábilqayyr hannyng memleketi, joshylyq Kerey jәne Jәnibek súltandar qúramynan shyghyp ketkennen keyin on shaqty jyl ótkende, «әr rudan qosylghan ...qazaq (maghynasy – «taghy, óz erkimen jýrgen») degen el bar edi»[47], sol el jana sayasi birlikke negiz bolyp, Qazaq handyghy týrinde jana sapagha auysty[48].

Endi osy Qazaq handyghynyng negizi qalanghan kezge nazar audarayyq. Búl shaqta, tarihtan belgili, Deshti-Qypshaqta biylikti qolyna ústaghan shaybanid Ábilhayyrgha kóshpendi halyqtyng bir bóligi, dәlirek aitqanda, slardy biyleytin Joshy han – Orys (Úrús) han túqymynyng birqatar ókilderi narazy bop jýrgen edi. Aqyry 1456 jyly Jәnibek pen Kerey súltandardyng bastauymen bir qauym el «qazaqtyq» jasaugha, yaghny tynys-tirshilikke qolaysyz biyleushi qúzyrynan qashyp, erkin úiysugha bel budy. Onday әreketter týrki taypalary ghúmyrynda búryndary da әrәdik kezdesip túrghan, biraq tap osy jolghyday jana memleket qúrarlyqtay tarihy sipat alghan emes-tin. «Kóshpendi ózbekter memleketi» atalatyn úlystan bólinip, qazaq atanghan, sóitip, Mogholstangha qonys audarghan, Shu ózeni aimaghyndaghy Qozybasy degen jerden oryn tepken az júrt is jýzinde qazaq memlekettigining irgetasy bolyp qalandy.

Atalghan qos súltan Jetisu ónirin, Shu men Talas ózenderining boyyn mekendegen qazaqtardyng basyn qosuda kóp enbek sinirdi. Bolashaq qazaq handyghynyng irgesi týrkiler ómirindegi qatardaghy jәit sanalatyn narazy toptyng erkindiksýigishtik, basybostyq, ózgening ozbyrlyghyna kónbeushilik kórsetip, yaghny qazaq bolyp óz betterinshe otau tigu oqighasymen qalana bastaghanyn tap sol jyldary eshkim bajaylay almaghan bolar. Jetisu ónirinde ómir sýrip jatqan Ýisin birlestigi, onyng ishinde Shapyrashty taypasy bir shanyraq astyna biriguge bel bughan júrtpen – tili, dili, mәdeniyeti, ómir salty, bitim-bolmysy, sharuashylyq qalyby bir ózge de týrki taypalarymen birge qazaqtyng bolashaq memlekettik qúrylymyn qalyptastyrugha alghashqy jyldardan-aq aralasty dep senimmen aitugha bolady.

Osynau tarihy oqigha qarsanynda jetisulyq ýisin –shapyrashtylardyng Mogholstan memleketi qúzyrynda bolghany mәlim. «Tariyh-y Rashidi» derekterine qaraghanda, Jýnis-han Maverannahrgha ketkende, kýlli úlys, mogholdar qauymy týgelimen Esen-Búghagha (Isan-Buga-hangha) baghyndy. Esen-Búgha ózining jastyghy men tәjiriybesizdigi saldarynan memleketindegi әmirlerge mensinbeushilik, elemeushilik minez kórsetti. Sóitip, ózining bas uәziri etip túrfandyq úighyrlar taypasynan Temir degen bireudi tandap aldy. Ámirler búghan tózbey, han dәrgeyinde bolghan bir jinalys kezinde Temirdi shapqylap óltirdi de, ózderi tez tarap ketti. Búl Esen-Búgha-handy qatty ýreylendirdi, ol da qashty.

Qashqardaghy Ámir Seyit-Áli múny estigende, handy izdep shyghyp, Aq-Qúyash qalasynan tabady da, ony birqatar jaqtastarymen birge Aqsu qalasyna aparyp ornyqtyrady. Esen-Búgha han osynda túraqtap, jibergen kemshiliginen qorytyndy jasaydy, baghynyshtylary aldynda kinәsin moyyndap, qaytadan kýsh jinaydy.

Quaty kemeline keldi-au degende, 855 jyly (yaghny bizding kýntizbemen 1451 jyl shamasynda – B.Q.) Esen-Búgha han Sayram, Týrkistan, Tashkentti shabady. Sol jolmen ekinshi ret shapqynshylyq jasaghanynda, ony Maverannahr biyleushisi Súltan Ábu-Seyit-myrza Tarazgha deyin qughyndaydy. Biraq Esen-Búgha-hannyng mogholdary shayqasqa kirmey qashyp ketedi de, Myrza Ábu-Seyit óz eline oralady[49]. Kelesi 1452 jyly ol oirattar shapqynshylyghyna úshyraydy.

Oyrattar Shynghyshan qúrghan imperiyanyng Ýgedey úlysyna qaraytyn mongholdardyng batys bútaghy bolatyn. Olardyng Mogholstan aumaghyna jasaghan alghashqy shapqynshylyqtary HIV ghasyrdyng sonyna qaray bastalghan edi. HV ghasyrda olardyng iyeligi shyghysynda Hangay taularynyng batys bóktórimen, ontýstiginde Goby kúmymen, batysynda Mogholstanmen, soltýstiginde Ertis pen Eniyseyding jogharghy aghystarymen shektesetin úlan-ghayyr kenistikti alyp jatqan-dy. Oirattardy mongholdardyng ózderi «jonghar» («zungar», «sol qar (qol)», «sol qanat») dep ataghan bolatyn, al kórshi týrki jәne parsy tildi halyqtar «qalmaq» dep ataytyn[50]. Shәkәrimning aituynsha – «qalmaq degen – qalghandar degen sóz». Shynghyshan tamam mongholdy týgel alghanda, «otyryqty bolyp qalghan» týrkiler «kóship qashugha» tughan ólkesin «qimay, birtalay el magholgha qarap qaldy». Olar әr týrli rudan («oniit, jalayyr, nayman, kerey») edi, «olardyng oirat qalmaq atanghan sebebi, magholdar kýnbktysqa qoyghan әskerlerin oirat dep ataushy edi. Soghan aralasqannan oirat atandy. Qalmaqtyng týbi oirat degen sóz sodan shyqqan»[51].

1452 jylgha deyin oirattar Mogholstangha әldeneshe shabuyl jasady. Tek Uәiis-han 1418 jyldan 1428 jylgha sheyin olarmen 61 mәrte shayqasqa shyqty. Sonyng bir retinde ghana jeniske jetti, eki mәrte oiratqa tútqyngha týsti. Aqyry qalmaqtardan aulaghyraq bolu maqsatymen, astanasyn Túrfannan Mogholstannyng ortalyq bóligindegi Ile jaghasyna, qytaylar Ilebalyq degen ataumen bilgen Jetisudaghy jerge auystyrdy[52].

Alayda, Esen-Búgha-han túsynda, jogharyda aitqanymyzday, biylik qúrylymy әlsiredi. Esen-Búghadan bólinip ketken әmirlerding әrqaysysy oghan tiyisti dәrejede baghynatynyn tanytpay, óz betterinshe qamal salyp alyp jatqan-dy. Biri (Mir Kәrim-Berdi dulat) Mogholstannyng Ándijan men Ferghanagha shektesetin túsyndaghy Ala-Búgha degen jerde, kelesisi (Mir Hak-Berdi bekshik) Ystyqkólding Qoy-Soy deytin túsyna qamal túrghyzdy. Shoras pen barin taypalarynyng әmirleri qalmaqtardyng basshysy Amansanjy-tayshygha, basqa taypalardyng bir bóligi «kóshpendi ózbekter» hany Ábilqayyrgha ketti. Esen-Búgha-han bolsa, olardyng óz qúzyrynan bólinbek әreketterine sonshalyqty qarsylyq kórsetpey, tek kýtti. Býlikshilder tynshyr, sosyn qaramaghyna qaytyp oralar degen ýmitin ýzbey túrghan[53].

30-shy jyldardan shapqynshylyghyn qayta bastaghan oirat qalmaqtar Mogholstanda sol shaqta ortalyqtandyrylghan biylikting joqtyghyn paydalanyp, Jetisugha shabuylyn jiyiletti. Olar Ystyqkól aimaghyna baryp, Ystyqkólding Qoy-Soy degen jerine qamal salghan qanly taypasynyng әmiri Mir Hak-Berdi bekshikpen shayqasty. Al 1452 jyly Shugha jetti. Esen-Búgha olargha eleuli qarsylyq kórsete almady[54].

Sol shaqta oghan ózderi mekendeytin úlystaghy Shayban túqymy biyligine narazy Joshy túqymy oghlandary – Kerey men Jәnibek súltandar keldi...[55] Shәkirim búl oqigha jayynda: «Áz Jәnibek han men Kerey han»... «Ábilqayyrgha ókpelep», «1455 jyly Ábilqayyrdyng qol astynan qyrghyz, qazaq hәm basqa birtalay elin alyp», «...auyp, Shudaghy Shaghatay nәsilining hanyna», yaghni moghol aqsýiekteri Mogholstan biyleushisi etip qoyghan Esen-Búghagha bardy[56].

Shayban úrpaghy Ábilqayyr hijrasha 833 jyly (yaghny bizding jylsanaqpen 1428 jyly) Batys Sibirdegi Tura ónirinde han taghyna otyrghyzylghan-dy. Tarihta «Kóshpendi ózbekter memleketi» dep, Altyn-Ordanyng kórnekti biyleushisi Ózbek-hannyng (1282—1341) esimimen atalghan búl sayasy birlestik – Ábilqayyr handyghy – Qazaqstannyng soltýstik-batys jәne ortalyq aimaghynda payda boldy. Handyq jeri geosayasy túrghyda batystaghy Noghay Ordasy, soltýstiktegi Sibir handyghy jәne shyghystaghy Mogholstan men ontýstiktegi Ámir Temir túqymdary memleketining aralarynda jatty.

Handyq shegi Noghay Ordasynyng shyghys betinen bastalatyn. Batysynda – Jayyq ózenine, shyghysynda – Balqash kóline deyin sozyldy. Ontýstiginde Syrdariyanyng tómengi aghysy men Aral tenizi ónirine, soltýstiginde Tobyldyng orta aghysy men Ertiske deyin ketken alyp aumaqty alyp jatty. Ábilqayyr handyghynyng qúramyna qazaq rularynyng kópshiligi, ózge de kóshpendi týrki taypalary (Qypshaq, Qiyat, Nayman, Manghyt, Qonyrat, Shynbay, Qanly, Qarlúq, Kýrleuit, Keneges, Ýisin, Úiylyn, t.b.) kirdi.

«Kóshpendi ózbekter memleketinde» Ábilqayyr han qyryq jyl әmirshi boldy. (Ony HVIII ghasyrdaghy Ábilqayyr hannan ajyratu ýshin bolar, qazaq tarihy әdebiyetinde onyng esimin Ábilhayyr dep jazu oryn alghan. Dúrysynda, ekeuining de esimi bir – Abu-l-Hayr-han, endeshe, ekeui de Shynghyshan túqymy bolghandyqtan, HV ghasyrdaghy әmirshini – Birinshi Ábilqayyr (I Ábilqayyr), HVIII ghasyr túlghasyn – Ekinshi Ábilqayyr (II Ábilqayyr) degen jón bolar edi).

Shaybany Ábilqayyr han basqarghan uaqyt ishinde elding sayasy jaghdayynda túraqtylyq pen tynyshtyq bolmady. «Segiz jýz elu besinshi jyly (1451 jyl shamasy) Shynghys-hannyng úly Joshy-hannyng júrtynda, nemese, búl da sol úghymdy bildiredi, – Deshti-Qypshaqta Joshy úrpaghynan Ábilqayyr patsha boldy. Sol uaqyttarda búl júrtta odan quatty biyleushi bolghan joq»[57], – dep jazdy Múhammed Haydar. Ol ózine qarsy bolyp jýrgen kýshti shonjarlardyng biri Mústafa hannyng әskerlerin Atbasar manynda talqandady. Syrdariya men Qarataudaghy Sozaq, Syghanaq, Aqqorghan, Ýzkent qalalaryn basyp aldy. Syghanaqty handyqtyng astanasyna ainaldyrdy. 1450 jyldary Maverannahrdaghy Ámir Temir úrpaqtarynyng ishki tartysyna aralasyp, Samarqan pen Búqargha joryq jasady. Degenmen oghan biyligin saqtau ýshin әr týrli toptarmen – ózine qarsy bolyp jýrgen ózge әulet úrpaqtarymen údayy kýres jýrgizuge tura keldi.

Onyng Syrdariya boyyndaghy aimaqtargha bet búruy ózara aghayyndas Shaybany úlysy men Orda úlysy taypalarynyng arasyndaghy qyrghiy-qabaq qatynastardy búrynghydan beter terendete týsti. Óitkeni Ábilqayyrdyng Syr qalalary men olardyng ainalasyndaghy jaziralardy aluy Jәnibek pen Kereyding jәne olardyng Syrdariya many men Qaratau aimaghynda kóship-qonyp túrmys keship jýrgen bodandarynyng mýddelerine tiyip, núqsan keltirdi. Osy jәit atalghan biyleushiler arasyndaghy taytalastyng odan sayyn shiyelenisuine, sóitip, qazaq súltandaryn ózderine qarasty ru-taypalardy bastap Shugha kóship ketuge mәjbýrlegen óte manyzdy sebep boldy[58].

Búdan búryn da atap ótilgendey, «Rashid tarihynyn» avtory Deshti-Qypshaqta Ábilqayyr-han ózi biylep-tóstep túrghan uaqytta «Joshy teginen shyqqan súltandargha» kóp jaysyzdyq tughyzghanyn aitqan-dy. Sondyqtan da 1456 jyly «Jәnibek han men Kerey han odan qashyp Mogholstangha bardy»[59].

Osy jerde arnayy toqtaludy tileytin bir manyzdy jәy bar. Ol – Joshy (1227 jyly әkesi Shynghys hannan alty aiday búryn óldi) әuletinin, onyng ishinde Joshy úly Orda Ejen han (Ertisting jogharghy aghysynan, Alakól janynan batysqa qaray – Ile men Syrdariyagha deyin sozylghan, Joshynyng tiri kezinde Kók-Orda atalghan úlystyng әmirshisi), onyng úly Orys hannyng (astanasy Syghanaqta bolghan Aq Orda hanynyn) úrpaqtary «Jәnibek han men Kerey han» Kóshpendi ózbek memleketining әmirshisi Ábilqayyr-hannan qashyp Mogholstangha bardy»

Al Ábilqayyr-han – Joshynyng taghy bir úly Shiban-hannyng úrpaghy...

«Qazaqstan aumaghy ýsh monghol úlysynyng aumaghyna endi: kóbirek bóligi – elding soltýstigindegi dalaly jazirasy jәne Ertisting jogharghy aghysynan Alakól kóline deyingi kýlli jer-su men odan әri batysqa, Ile men Syrdariyagha qaray – Joshy úlysyna, Ontýstik jәne Ontýstik-Shyghys Qazaqstan – Shaghatay úlysyna, al soltýstik-shyghystaghy jerler – Ýgedey úlysyna kirdi»[60]. Qazaq eli negizinen osy Joshy úlysyna qaraghan aumaqta qalyptasyp, ózining últtyq memlekettigin damytty.

Joshy (1187–1227) – Shynghyshannyng qonyrat taypasynyng óyzy Bórteden tughan ýlken úly, әigili Altyn Ordanyng negizinsalushy, qazaq handarynyng arghy atasy. Ol әkesi Shynghyshannyng tapsyruymen 1207–1212 jyldary Ontýstik Sibirdi, Altaydy, Shyghys Týrkistandy qonystanghan kóptegen taypalardy baghyndyrdy. Shynghyshannyng Soltýstik Qytaygha jasaghan joryghyna qatysty. 1218 jyly Yrghyz dalasynda Horezm әskerimen qaqtyghysqa týsip, sarbazdarynyng úrys jýrgizudegi joyqyn tәjiriybesimen horezmshahtyng mysyn basty. 1220–1222 jyldary ol bauyrlarymen Syrdariya boyyndaghy Otyrar, Syghanaq, Ýzkent, Barshynkent, Jankent jәne basqa da qalalardy aldy.

1223 jyly Shynghyshan Samarqannan Syrdariya manyndaghy dalalarda ang aulamaqqa shyghady. Joshygha Qypshaq dalasynan jabayy qúlandardy quyp әkeludi tapsyrady. Ol qúlandar tabyndarymen qosa, jiyrma myng aq túlpardy әkesine syy retinde aiday keledi. Hanzadalardyng bәrining qatysuymen olar asa iri auqymda ang aulaydy.

Sosyn qahan Qúlanbasydan aqyryn ayanmen kóship, Ertiske keledi. Sonda 1224 jyly Kavkaz joryghynan oralghan sýiikti qolbasshylary Jebe-noyan men Sýbedey-noyan qúrmetine qúryltay ótkizip, toy jasaydy.

Sol jyly kýzde nókerleri men әskerin ertip, sol Ertis alqabynan 1219 jyly kýzde shyghyp, batysqa jasaghan joryghynan tura bes jyl – dýniyeni dýr silkindirgen bes jyl – ótkende, 1224 jyly kýzde shyghysqa, tuyp-óiyken Mongholiyasyna qaytady.

Jenimpaz bolyp oralady, biraq, «mәngi ómir sýruge» dәru tappay, tәni dertke shaldyqqandyqtan, tughan ólkesinde qarttyq ghúmyryn soza týsudi ghana oilap, tereng múngha batyp qaytyp kele jatady...

Sayram men Talas aralyghyndaghy Qúlanbasy jazyghynda ótkizgen qúryltayda ózining «tórt kýligine» ózi qúrghan qaghanatyn bólip berdi. Imperatordyng (qahannyn) bәibishesi Bórteden tughan «tórt kýliginin» ýlkeni – túnghysh úly Joshygha tiyesili ýles – Ertisten Oral tauyna, odan әri Batysqa qaray, bolashaqta baghyndyrylatyn jer-su men elder edi. Ol kýsh-qayraty mol, erjýrek, ótkir adam bolghan eken. Qol astyndaghylarmen óte jaqyn, jaqsy qarym-qatynas jasap túrypty. Kópshiligi bolashaq qazaq halqyn qúraghan týrki taypalarynyng basyn óz úlysynda biriktirip, tәuelsiz sayasat jýrgizuge tyrysqan.

Osy jәit әke men bala arasynyng búzyluyna sebep boldy degen pikir bar. (Jýzdaniyding 1260 jyly jazylghan «Tabakat-y Nasiri» degen shygharmasyna qaraghanda, Joshynyng Qypshaq elin qatty sýigip ketkeni sonday, sol eldi әkesining kýiretip-kýizeltuinen qútqarmaq bolady. Ol jaqyndaryna Shynghyshandy ang aulau kezinde óltirgisi keletinin aitypty-mys, al ony bilip qoyghan Shaghatay әkesine jetkizgen. Sonda ol Joshyny qúpiya ulap óltiruge әmir qylypty-mys. Al Rashid ad-Diyn ózining HIV ghasyrdyng basyndaghy «Shejireler jinaghynda» – tapsyrmasyn oryndamaghan Joshygha qarsy Shynghyshan Shaghatay men Ýgedey bastaghan qalyng qol jibergenin, biraq artynsha Joshynyng qaytys bolghany jayynda qaraly habar kelgenin jazady). El ishinde de onyng ólimi jayynda: «әkesi óltirtti» delinetinnen, «ang aulap jýrgende kezdeysoq opat boldy» deytinge deyin aitylatyn týrli anyz-әngime bar.

Qazaq halqynda ghasyrlar tereninen kele jatqan «Aqsaq qúlan, Joshy han» degen tarihy kýy saqtalghan. Mazary qazaq dalasynyng kindigindegi Jezqazghan qalasynan 45 shaqyrym jerde, Kengir ózenining sol jaghalauynda túr. Balalary kóp bolghan. Tarihy derekkózderde odan taraghan Orda-Ejen, Batu, Berke, Shiban (Shayban) sekildi hanzadalardyng jәne basqalarynyng da esimderi bar[61].

HIV ghasyrdyng derekkózi «Shadjarat al-atrak» Joshy 1227 jylghy aqpanda qaytys bolghanyn aitady. Qahan sarayynyng úly әmirlerining birine jaqyn Úly-Jyrshy (Tiyzengauzen jinaghyna engen HIII ghasyrdaghy arab tarihshysy Ibn әl-Asir jazbasy boyynsha – Shynghyshannyng zamandasy aqyn Ketbúgha) qaraly habardy Shynghyshangha estirtedi. Sonda qahan: «– Qúlynyn alghan qúlanday, qúlynymnan airyldym, Ayrylysqan aqquday, er úlymnan airyldym», – dep, týrki jyrymen joqtau aitypty. Úly qahannyng óz auzynan múnday sóz estigen barlyq әmirler men noyandar oryndarynan túryp, kónil aitu jәne joqtau rәsimderin oryndapty. Sodan alty ay ótkende Shynghyshan da o dýniyelik bolghan deydi «Shadjarat al-atrak» avtory[62].

Joshy ólgennen keyin úlys әmirshisi lauazymy onyng úly Batugha ótkeni belgili[63]. Batystaghy әskerler Batudy, Joshy-han ólisimen, әkesining múrageri retinde tanyghan. Búl tandaudy Shynghyshannyng ózi bekitti.

Ótemis qajy HVI ghasyrda Horezmde jazghan «Shynghys-namada» Deshti-Qypshaqtaghy jogharghy biylikting Batugha qalay berilgeni jayynda egjey-tegjeyli әngimelenedi. Sondaghy әngimege qaraghanda, Joshynyng bәibishesinen tughan qos úly Orda-Ejen men Batu, basqa әielderinen tughan 17 úly birigip úly hangha keledi. Qahan hanzadalargha arnay ýy tiktirip qabyldaydy: «altyn bosaghaly aq ýrge» Sayyn-hangha, yaghny Batugha, «kýmis bosaghaly kók orda» Orda-Ejenge, «bolat bosaghaly boz orda» Shibangha (Shaybangha – B.Q.) arnalady...[64]

Ábilghazy deregi boyynsha, Batu-han Shyghys Evropagha jasaghan joryghynan oralghannan keyin, әkesina qarap túrghan jer-sudy kýlli halqymen ózining bauyry Orda-Ejenge beredi. Orda-Ejenning qosyndary men ishinde Toqay-Temir bar tórt bauyry birigip, Joshy әuleti әskerining sol qanatyn qúraghan, múny Rashid ad-Din aitady. Al Batudyng óz iyeligi men Orda-Ejenge berilgen ýles arasyndaghy jer-sudy jәne «bayyrghy elderden tórt basty úryqty» – qosshy, nayman, qarlyq, búiraq taypalaryn bólip, Shibangha bergen. Shiban (Shayban) men onyng úrpaghynyng әskeri Joshy Úlysy armiyasynyng ong qanatyna kirdi. Toqay-Temirge әskerding artyqshylyqqa ie bóliginen myn, tarhan, ýisin, oirat bólingen. Onyng úrpaqtary, Batudyng yqylasyna sәikes, Qajy-Tarhanda (Astrahan qalasyna) biylik jýrgizgen. Olar qosyndarymen Joshylyqtar armiyasynyng sol qanatyna kirdi[65].

Shynghyshannyng nemeresi, Joshy-hannyng ýlken úly Orda-Ejen Joshy Úlysynyng sol qanatyn 1226–1253 jyldary basqaryp, «Altyn Orda qúramyna kiretin, ishki-syrtqy sayasaty tәuelsiz Aq-Orda memleketin qúrdy». Onyng sayasy róli tek Joshy Úlysynda ghana emes, kýlli monghol imperiyasynda joghary boldy[66].

Altyn Orda әmirshisi Batu-hannyng qoldauymen 1251 jyly úly han, qahan bolghan, Shynghyshannyng әigili «tórt kýliginin» kishisi Tólening úly, imperiyanyng tórtinshi әri songhy hany Mónke (1208–1259)[67] ózining zannamalyq qújattarynda – jarlyqtarynda – Aq-Orda biyleushisi Orda-Ejen esimin Altyn Orda әmirshisi Batu esimining aldyna qoyyp otyrghan[68].

Orda-Ejen men Shayban úlystarynyng jer-suyn alyp jatqan aumaqty HIV–XV ghasyrlarda shyghys avtorlary birese Aq Orda, endi birde Kók Orda dep atap jýrdi. Óitkeni Orda-Ejen әuletinen shyqqan biyleushiler qos úlysty da basqarghan. Sodan da shyghar, derekkózder búl kezendegi Aq Orda jeri retinde Jayyqtan Batys Sibir oipatyna deyingi, Syrdariyanyng ortanghy jәne tómengi aghysy aumaghyn (yaghny Orda-Ejen men Shaybannyng úlystary alyp jatqan jer-sudy) úqqan.

(Orys jylnamalarynda Altyn Ordany tek qana Orda, nemese Edil Ordasy, al Jayyqtyng ontýstik-shyghysyndaghy jazira Kók Orda, Jayyq syrty Ordasy delingen, onda Aq Orda úghymy qoldanylmaghan).

Jogharyda Aq Orda jeri retinde atalghan osy úlan-ghayyr kenistikte ejelden beri týrki tildes taypalar (qypshaqtar, naymandar, ýisinder, qarlúqtar, kereyitter, kereyler, qonyrattar, manghyttar jәne basqalar) mekendeytin. Olar monghol shapqynshylyghynan kóp búryn qypshaq birlestigining qúramynda bolghan-dy. Birqatary búl jaqqa Shynghyshan imperiyasy qúrylghanda Altay jaqtan, ontýstik jәne ontýstik-shyghys audandardan qonys audarghan bolatyn.

Tili bir, ómir sýru salty bir jergilikti etnostar negizinde shanyraq kótergen qazaq jerindegi túnghysh iri memlekettik qúrylym osy Orda-Ejen men onyng әuleti biylegen Aq Orda edi. HIII–HV ghasyrlardaghy Aq Orda handarynyng biylikte bolu reti mynanday: Orda-Ejen (1226–1253) – Sartaq – Qonysha – Bayan – Sasy-Búgha – Erzen – Mýbәrәk – Shymtay – Orys (1361–1377) – Qoyyrshaq – Baraq (1426–1428)[69].

Osynau hronologiyalyq tizbek ishindegi Orys (Úrús) hannyng 1361–1377 jyldary Aq Ordany biylegen kezeni memlekettegi týrki taypalarynyng birtútas etnos, qazaq halqy retinde qalyptasuyna iygi yqpal etti. Is jýzinde Aq Orda bolashaq qazaq últtyq memleketining alghashqy ýlgisi boldy.

Orda-Ejen men ol qúrghan búl qúrylymgha iyelik etken onyng úrpaqtary – Aq Ordany HIV ghasyrda biylegen Orys han jәne HV ghasyrdyng ekinshi shiyregining basynda basqarghan (Orys hannyng nemeresi) Baraq han eshqaysysynyng oiyna kele qoymaghan, biraq úzamay, HV ghasyrdyng ortasynda jýzege asatyn iri tarihy betbúrysty nobaylady. Olar Aq Orda túsynda qalyptasqan birtútas etnostyq týzilimdi tarih sahnasyna ózindik qazaq atauymen alyp shyghyp, Qazaq memlekettiligining negizin salghan Kerey han men Jәnibek hannyng atalary edi[70].

Kerey han – Orys hannyng shóberesi. (Orys hannyng úly Toqtaqiyadan tughan nemeresi Bolattyn balasy)[71]. Jәnibek han da Orys hannyng shóberesi. Ol tek, ýnemi Aq Ordadaghy memlekettik biylikte bolghan tarmaqtan. Aq Ordany Orys hannan keyin onyng úly Qoyyrshaq (Qúiyrshyq), odan song Jәnibekting әkesi Baraq biyledi.

Altyn Orda ydyraugha úshyraghan shaqta, onyng taghyna qúmartqandardyng Altyn Orda astanasy Saray-Berkege jetu jolynda Aq Ordagha (onyng ekonomikalyq jәne әskery kýsh-quatyna) arqa sýieuine baylanysty, Shyghys Deshti-Qypshaqtaghy bir kezdegi kýshti memleket Aq Orda da qúldyrap bara jatty.

Orys hannyng nemeresi Baraq han shamamen 1410-shy jyldardan Shyghys Deshti-Qypshaqtaghy óz ata-babalarynyng biyligin qaytaryp alu ýshin kýresti. Áuelde jeniliske úshyrap, syrttan kómek alu arqyly, aqyry, 1419 jyly әmirshi lauazymyna jetti. 1422 jyly Edilding tómengi aghysy alqabynda ótken shayqasta ýmitkerler әskerin jenip, Altyn Orda taghyna otyrdy. Áueli Saraydy («Edil suynyng boyynda», «Joshy úlysynyng ýlken hany túratúghyn Altyn ordanyng orny», «Astrahan men Saratov arasyndaghy... orystar Sarev dep» ataytyn qalany[72]), odan Qazandy aldy. Sodan Qazan aimaghy biraz uaqyt «Baraq-han júrty» ataldy. 1426 jyly baqtalasy Úlyq-Múhammedpen kýreste Altyn Orda taghynan airyldy. Sol jyly Aq Orda biyleushisi boldy.

Baraq han Aq Orda biyleushisi lauazymymen Syrdariya boyyndaghy qalalargha, Maverannahrgha joryqtar jasady. Ghasyr basynda Ámir Temir basyp alghan Aq Orda astanasy Syghanaqty iyelenu qúqyn qalpyna keltirdi.

Ol 1428 jyly qaza tapqan. Ólimi haqyndaghy derekter әr týrli: Qypshaq dalasyndaghy «ózara qaqtyghystar kezinde» opat bolghan, «mogholdar elinde» óltirilgen, Noghay Ordasy myrzalarymen bolghan soghysta ólgen dep te aitylady.

Baraq-hannyng Týrkistan ólkesindegi Aq Ordanyng búrynghy iyelikterin Ámir Temir әuleti biyliginen qaytaryp alugha baghyttalghan jigerli әreketteri úlystyng bayyrghy quatyn janghyrta almaghanmen, Aq Orda handary (Orda-Ejenning de, Toqa-Temirding de) әuletteri iyelikterining taghy ondaghan jyldar boyy saqtalyp qaluyn, yaghny Qazaqstannyng ontýstigindegi sayasy ahualdyng belgili-bir dәrejede ózgeruine alyp keldi[73].

Altyn Ordanyng birneshe bólikke shashyrap ketkeni, olardy Joshy әuletining әrtýrli bútaghy ókilderi basqarghan mәlim. Ortanghy Edil boyynda 1438 jyly Úlyq-Múhammed biyleytin Qazan handyghy qúryldy. Onyng inisi Kishi-Múhammed Altyn Orda hany retinde Tómengi Edil boyyn, Shyghys Evropa dalalaryn, Don alqabyn basqardy. Búl eki aghayyndy Altyn Orda taghy ýshin ózara úzaq kýresti. Biraq Altyn Ordadan 1443 jyly Qyrym handyghy, 1466 jyly Astrahan handyghy bólinip shyqty. Osy bólinisterden song Altyn Ordanyng qalghan bóliginde – Edil men Don arasynda jәne Saray qalasynda Kishi-Múhammedting úly Ahmad (Ahmet) han biylik qúrdy. Onyng memleketi Ýlken Orda dep ataldy. Osynau Ýlken Ordanyng biyleushisi Ahmad (Ahmet) han Shayban túqymynan shyqqandargha (shaybanidterge) qarsy kýresken qazaq hany Jәnibekke odaqtas boldy[74].

Endi Jәnibek han atalasy Kerey hanmen birge úiytqy bolghan qazaq memleketi dәuiri bastalghangha deyingi oqighalardy sholyp óteyik.

XV ghasyrdyng alghashqy shiyreginde Aq Ordada Joshy túqymy (Orda-Ejen, Shayban, Toqa-Temir) ishindegi әulettik kýres jiyiledi. Sonyng saldarynan úlysta býlikter men kiykiljinder tolas tappay jalghasty. Búrynghy Joshy Úlysynyng batys bóliginde Toqa-Temirding úrpaqtary tabysty boldy, olar Altyn Ordanyng birneshe úlysyn basqardy. Al Joshy Úlysynyng Shyghys bóliginde – jogharyda atalghan ýsh әuletting de ókilderi biylikte jýrdi.

XV ghasyrdyng 20-shy jyldarynyng sonyna qaray Altyn Orda memlekettik qúrylymy bólikterining kópshiliginde Joshy úly Shiban (Shayban) balalary biylikke keldi. Al Orda-Ejen – Orys han úrpaqtary, degenmen, ózderine babalarynan múragha qalghan iyelikterin XV ghasyrdyng alghashqy shiyregi boyy qorghap qalugha tyrysty. Solardyng biri Baraq-han úlystyng ontýstik bóligin qaytaryp alu ýshin soghysqany jogharyda aityldy.

Ol ólgennen keyin Aq Ordadaghy biylik Orda-Ejen – Orys han әuletinen Shayban әuletine ótti. 1428 jyly Shaybanid Ábilqayyr taqqa otyrdy. Ol 40 jyl basqarghanda endi Shyghys Deshti-Qypshaq Ábilqayyr handyghy (Kóshpendi ózbekter úlysy, Shayban úlysy, Ózbek úlysy) dep atala bastady. (Shәkәrim shejiresindegi myna joldargha nazar audara ketelik: «Batudyng Myntemir degen balasynyng Toghrul degenning balasy Ózbek han boldy. Múnyng han bolghany 1301 jyly edi. Búl Ózbek han músylman bolyp, halqyn da músylman qyldy. Sol músylmandyq búzylghan joq, «din Ózbekten qaldy» degen maqal sol jәne sol hannyng atymen Joshy úlysy ózbek atandy»[75]).

Osy ataulardyng ishinde Ábilqayyr handyghy degen atalym naqty ahualdy neghúrlym beytaraptau yspattar edi, óitkeni handyq aumaghynda tek «Orta Aziyadaghy ózbek halqynyng bolashaq komponenti maghynasyndaghy» kóshpendi ózbekter ghana emes, negizinen «qazaqtar, manghyttar» qúraghan bolatyn. Alayda Ábilqayyr handyghyn tarihy әdebiyette Ózbek úlysy dep ataugha kóndigip bara jatqandyq bayqalady. Al, shyntuaytqa kelgende, әdildik ýshin, osy Ábilqayyr handyghy dep atalghan úlysty Ábilqayyr memleketine kirgen qazaq taypalarynyng ishindegi «asa iri etnostyq toptardyng birining atauymen», yaghny Deshti-Qypshaqtyng negizgi mekendeushisi qypshaqtar ekenin eskerip, «Qypshaq handyghy dep ataugha negizi bar edi»[76].

Aq Ordanyng ekonomikalyq túrghydan asa manyzdy audandary bolyp tabylatyn ontýstik aimaqty ózine baghyndyryp aludyng manyzdylyghyn, ózinen búrynghy Baraq-han tәrizdi, Ábilqayyr-han da úqty. Biraq onyng olay oilaghany jәne tiyisinshe Syrdariya aimaghyna qaray qozghaluy sol ónir men Qaratau audanyn meken etip jýrgen Baraq-hannyng úly Jәnibek-oghlannyng mýddesine qayshy keldi. Ol jәne onyng qasyndaghy Kerey-oghlan – Orda-Ejen úrpaghy Orys-hannyng qos shóberesi – Ábilqayyr-hannyng qysastyghyna kónuden bastartty. Týbi bir, arghy atalary Orda-Ejen men Shayban birge tughan, Joshy-hannyng balalary ekenine qaramastan, olar, aqyry, airylysyp tyndy.

Joshydan taraghan Orda-Ejen bútaghynyng qos súltany Jәnibek pen Kerey qaramaqtaryndaghy kýlli júrtymen Joshydan taraghan Shayban bútaghynyng taqta otyrghan әmirshisi Ábilqayyr-hannyng qolastynan ýdere kóship ketti. Jogharyda aitqanymyzday, búl tarihy oqigha 1456 jyly boldy.

Degenmen, Ábilqayyr handyghyndaghy osynau eki jarylu men bólinuding uaqyty tarihy әdebiyette әr týrli kórsetiledi. Mәselen, shyghys derekkózderin tauyp, audaryp, zerttep, ghylymy ainalymgha birinshi bolyp qosqan aghylshyn ghalymdary (aytalyq, G.Hovars) atalmysh hanzadalardyng bólinip shyghuy 1451 jyly oryn aldy dep esepteydi. A.Chulochnikov pen B.Ahmedov búl oqigha 1455–56 jyldary boldy dep sanaydy. Úlystaghy kelispeushilik jәne Kerey men Jәnibekting Ábilqayyrdan bólinip kóship ketui 1450 jyly, tipti 1465 jyly boldy deytin kózqarastaghy avtorlar da bar[77].

Al Shәkәrim Qúdayberdiyev osy oqigha qarsanyndaghy jaghdaydy: «...Shiban (Shayban – B.Q.) nәsilinen Ábilqayyr han degen 1452 jyly Qazan hanyna da, Qyrymgha da qaramay, óz aldyna Joshy úlysynyng kýnshyghys jaghyn týgel biylep túrdy. Sonda qazaqtyng hany Áz Jәnibek han edi, Ábilqayyrgha qarap túrushy edi. Áz Jәnibekting shyn aty Ábusaghiyd (tarihy әdebiyette Abu-Sayiyd, Bu-Said dep te jazylady – B.Q.) edi. Toqaytemir nәsilinen Baraq han balasy edi», – dep bayanday kele, oqighanyng mәn-jayy men ótken uaqytyn bylay dep habarlaydy: «1455 jyly Áz Jәnibek han nemere inisi Shahgerey han (Kerey han – B.Q.) menen tamam qazaqty alyp, Ábilqayyrgha ókpelep, Shudaghy Shaghatay nәsilinen Esen Búghanyng balasy Toqlúq Temirhangha qarady»[78].

S.G.Klyashtornyy men T.IY.Súltanov «Qazaqstan. Ýsh mynjyldyq jylnamasy» atty ózderining belgili enbeginde sol zamandaghy tarihy oqighalardy ózara salghastyryp talday kele: «...Kerey men Jәnibekting kóship ketken, dәlirek aitqanda, úlys adamdarymen birge moghol hany Esen-Búghanyng iyeligine kóship kelgen uaqytyn 864/1459–60 jyldarmen belgileu kerek», – dep qorytady[79].

«Qazaqstan tarihynyn» avtorlary: «Jәnibek pen Kerey... óz tónirekterine basqa da Joshy әuleti men solargha tәueldi kóshpeli jәne jartylay kóshpeli qazaq dalalary túrghyndarynyng rulyq-taypalyq toptaryn jinastyryp aldy da, 1458–1459 jyldary Ábilqayyr handyghynan tysqary, Mogholstangha, Batys Jetisu jerlerine ertip ketti», – dep jazdy[80].

Sonymen, Jәnibek pen Kereyding Ábilqayyr handyghynan bólinip shyqqan uaqyty retinde týrli data atalatynyn kórdik. Qaysysy dúrys?

Biz 1456 jyl jaghyndamyz. Nege?

Birinshiden, búl data Haydar Myrzanyng shygharmasyn alghash audaryp, tereng taldau jolymen túnghysh ret Veliyaminov-Zernov tarapynan ataldy, ony keyingi orys tarihshylary da qúptap, qaytalap keldi. 1935 jyly shyqqan «Qazaqstannyng ótkeni derekkózder men materialda» jinaghyna engen sol mәtinge taghy bir kóz jýgirteyik. Onda Deshti-Qypshaqta Ábilqayyr hannyng biylep-tósteuinen joshylyq súltandar qatty qyspaq kórdi de, olardyng ishinen ekeui Mogholstangha qashty delingen. Ol ekeuding aty Jәnibek pen Kerey, әri ekeui de han degen lauazym tirkelip berilgen.

Deshti-Qypshaqta Ábilqayyr hannyng biylep-tósteuining kýsheygen kezi onyng joshylyq-orda-ejendik bútaq úrpaqtary mekendep jýrgen Syr men Qaratau ónirine shýiilgen shaghyna, sóitip olargha qysymdy kýsheytken uaghyna, sonyng saldarynan olardyng ekeuining Kóshpendi ózbek handyghy qúzyryn tastap ketken shaghyna, S. Asfendiyarov jariyalaghan mәtinde kórsetilgendey, hijrasha – 860, hristiansha – 1456 jylgha sәikes keledi.

Olar Mogholstannyng batys bóligine kóship ketkennen keyin qys aua, 1457 jyly, oirattar Mogholstannyng shyghys bóligi arqyly Jetisugha ótip, odan әri Týrkistangha úmtyldy. Sol joryq kezinde qalmaqtar auyr jýkteri men bala-shaghalaryn joldaghy Shu ózenining jaghasyna qaldyryp, әskery qosyndarymen jenil týrde shapshang qimylmen, Ábilqayyr han túrghan Syghanaqqa bettedi.

Ábilqayyr әskerimen qalmaqtar Syghanaq qalasy manyndaghy Kókkesene degen jerde shayqasty. Sol soghysta Ábilqayyr hannyng әskeri jenildi. Úrys kezinde birneshe joshylyq súltan (Bahtiyar-súltan, Ahmet-súltan jәne basqalar) qaza tapty.

Jeniske jetken oirat әskeri Syrdariyanyng ortanghy aghysyndaghy qalalardy talan-tarajgha týsirdi. Ábilqayyr han qalmaqtardyng әskery qolbasshysy Óz-Temir-tayshymen qorlaushylyqqa parapar (qalmaqqa kiriptarlyghyn moyyndap, úlyn amanatqa beru sekildi) sharttar boyynsha kelisimge keluge mәjbýr boldy[81].

Bizding oiymyzsha, búl soghysqa Jәnibek pen Kerey qatysqan joq. Eger óz dәstýrli mekenderinde jýrgen bolsa, «joshylyq Bahtiyar-súltan, Ahmet-súltan jәne basqalar» sekildi, olardyng da otan qorghau isine atsalysudan syrt qaluy mýmkin emes edi. Elge shapqynshylyq jasap kirgen jaulaushy oirattargha sózsiz qarsy shyghugha tiyis-tin. Demek, olar Ábilqayyr qúzyrynan Óz-Temir-tayshy bastaghan qalmaqtar shapqynshylyghy bastalardan búryn, 1456 jyly shyghyp ketken de, Syr boyyn oirattar oirandap jatqanda, Mogholstan aumaghynan ózderine bólip berilgen Shu-Qozybasy aimaghynda jana memleket irgesin qalaumen ainalysyp jýrgen.

Ábilqayyr-han, Ábilghazynyng aituynsha, jaqyndaryna kól, dúshpandaryna shól bolghan: «dostaryn shattyqqa bólegen, jaularyn jylaugha mәjbýr etken» kisi eken. Kóne shyghys qoljazbalarynyng biri «Bahr al-asrar fy manakib al-ahyar» betterinen onyng avtory Mahmúd bin Uәliy: «Ábilqayyr-han Deshti-Qypshaq elindegi Joshy úrpaqtarynan birqatar hanzadany talqandap, sol qauymdy týrli ólkege shashyratyp jibergende, osynau ydyratu men shashyratu olardyng birigui men toptasuyna sebep boldy», – deydi.

Sonday shashylghan qoghamnyng birining – Ábilqayyr-hannyng sayasatyna narazy taypalar men rulardyn – basynda Jәnibek pen Kerey túrdy. «Hanmen tabysty kýres jýrgizuge mýmkindigi bolmaghandyqtan, olar tughan alqabyn tastap ketudi qosh kórdi», – dep jazdy «Qazaqstan. Ýsh mynjyldyq jylnamasy» enbegining avtorlary. Sosyn Jәnibek pen Kereyding ózderin tәn alatyn taypalar tobyn bastap Mogholstangha ótkenin aita kele: «Oqighalardyng odan arghy damuy kórsetkendey, Kerey-súltan men Jәnibek-súltannyng Mogholstan aumaghyna ketui – ynghayly sәt tughanda Ózbek úlysyndaghy biylikti basyp aludy esepke alghan ózindik bir strategiyalyq sheginis bolghan edi, – deydi olar, – búl sәtting tuuy ózin kóp kýtkize qoyghan joq»[82].

Handyghynyng astanasy Syghanaq qalasy týbinde kýirey jenilip, qalmaqtyng namystandyryp-qorlandyratyn shartyna eriksiz moyynsúnghan Ábilqayyr han birer jylda es jiyady. Sodan son, aqyry, ózining oirat shapqynshylyghynan kýizelgen iyelikterinde tәrtip ornatugha kirisedi. Ishki jaghdayyn birshama rettegennen keyin, qúzyrynan bólinip ketip, «ózbek-qazaq» tuymen óz aldyna handyq qúrghan Jәnibek pen Kereydi juasytyp almaqqa, Mogholstangha – Jetisugha attanady. Sol joryq kezinde, 1468 jyly, Deshti-Qypshaqtyng azuly biyleushisi bolghan Joshy hannyng bir úly Shaybannan taraghan әuletting qyryq jyl әmirshi taghynda otyrghan ókili Ábilqayyr-han qaza tabady[83].

Osy oqighadan keyin Jәnibek pen Kerey óz jaqtastarymen «Ózbek úlysyna qayta oralyp, ondaghy jogharghy biylikti basyp alady»[84]. Sodan bastap Joshy úrpaghynyng basqa bútaghy – Shaybannyng aghasy Orda-Ejennen taraytyn Orys-han әuletining oghlandary basqaratyn jana sayasy jәne memlekettik qúrylym – Qazaq handyghy – Úly Dalada irgesin batyl keneytip, keng qanat jayady.

Qazaq memlekettiligining irgesi qalanghan data, tarih sahnasyna túnghysh ret qazaq atyn alyp shyqqan derbes handyq dәuirining bastalghan uaqyty jayyndaghy dau-damay ghylymda kýni býginge deyin tolastaghan joq.

«Qazaqstan tarihy» avtorlary Qazaq handyghynyng qúrylghan uaqytyn naqtylauda, odan otyz shaqty jyl búryn (1979) jaryq kórgen «Qazaq SSR» tarihynda alynghan «1465–1466 jyl» degen merzimdi shýbәsiz qabyldaydy[85]. Búl týsinikti de, sebebi «Rashid tarihy» enbegining avtory qaldyrghan mәlimet negizinde, «tarihy әdebiyette 870/1465-66 jj. – Qazaq handyghynyng negizi qalanghan jyl dep esepteytin pikir tolyghymen qalyptasqan»[86] bolatyn. Jәne búl jyl, «Qazaqstan tarihy» avtorlarynyng aituynsha, «Mogholstandaghy sayasy jaghday (Esen-Búgha hannyn... ókimet biyligi ýshin inisi Jýnis hanmen jýrgizgen kýresi, 1462 jylghy onyng ólimi... osy kezende Mogholstanda ókimetting mýldem bolmauy) ...qazaq handary biyligining nyghangyna, ...shyn mәninde derbes sayasy birlestik qúrularyna tolyq qolayly» bolghan. Búghan qosymsha, olar sonday-aq, «Jәnibek pen Kereyding asyqpay Ábilqayyr memleketining kýireuin kýtui eshqanday aqylgha syimaytyn is» ekenin de atap aitady[87].

Belgili dәrejede qisyny bar búl sózder Myrza Múhamed Haydardyn: «Qazaq súltandarynyng basqaruynyng basy – segiz jýz jetpisinshi jyldan»[88], – degen mәlimdemesimen sózsiz kelisushilikting dәlelderi retinde keltirilgen.

Alayda Múhamed Haydardyng óz enbeginde tarihy jyldardy este qalghan dәngeyde, jobalap qana qoyyp otyrghanyn shyghystanushylyq әdebiyette akademik Bartolidtan bastap talay ghalym atap aitqan bolatyn. Sondyqtan da qazirgi zamanghy zertteushilerding birazy sol dәuir oqighalarynyng hronologiyasyn ózge materialmen salystyryp qaray otyryp, Qazaq handyghy 1470-1471 jyldary qúryldy dep sanaydy[89].

Biz búl anyqtaulardyng dúrystyghyna óz tarapymyzdan kýmәn keltiretinimizdi mәlimdeymiz.

Kóne shyghys qoljazbalarynyng derekteri men solardy negizge alghan zertteulerde aitylghan kýlli oi-pikirdi talday kele, «Qazaqstan tarihy» avtorlary birinshiden, «Aq Orda handarynyng biyligi is jýzinde Qazaqstan aumaghynyng bir bóliginde... 1428 j. Baraq han qaza tapqannan keyin de» jәne «Kóshpendi ózbek memleketi» delinetin Ábilqayyr handyghy túsynda da ýzilmegenin dәleldey kelip, «Aq orda da Qazaq memleketi bolyp tanyluy kerek»[90] dep tújyrady, ekinshiden, «XV ghasyrdyng 50–60 jyldarynda Jetisugha kóship kelgen qazaq taypalarynyn» «býkil aimaqtyng sayasy tarihyna jәne býkil jergilikti qazaq halqynyng taghdyryna ózgeris engizgenin», Qazaq handyghynyng negizi Batys Jetisuda qalanghanyn atap aitady[91].

Múhammed Haydar qazaq handarynyng biyligi qay jyly bastalghanynyng anyghyn «bir Alla jaqsy biledi» deydi[92]. Sondyqtan da ol oisha ataghan 840-shy (1465-66 jj.) jyldyng turalyghyna, onyng ózi de dúrysy qúdaygha ghana mәlim dep otyrghanda, shýbәmen qaraugha әbden bolady.

(Jalpy, Múhammed Haydar Dulatiyding mәlimetterin oilanyp paydalanudyng artyq bolmaytyny mynadan da kórinedi: ol Ábilqayyrdyn «joshylyq súltandargha qysym kórsetkenin» aitady, alayda osy orayda Ábilqayyrdyn ózining de Joshy-han teginen ekenin úmytpaghan jón. Ábilqayyr-han – Joshynyng Orda-Ejenmen birge tughan balasy Shaybannyng úrpaghy. Mine sol Shaybanid Ábilqayyrdyng teris qaraghany ózi siyaqty jalpy joshylyq hanzadalar degennen góri, dúrysynda, sonyng ishinde ordalyqtargha – Joshynyng ýlken úly, Shaybannyng aghasy Orda-Ejen hannyng jәne sodan taraytyn bútaqtaghy Orys-hannyng úrpaqtaryna qysastyq jasap túrghan degen dәlirek bolady).

Qazaq tarihy ýshin asa baghaly derekkóz qyzmetin atqaratyn «Rashid tarihynyn» avtory Jәnibek pen Kereyding «sol kezde Deshti-Qypshaqta Ábilqayyr biylep-tóstep túrghan» jәne «Joshy teginen shyqqan súltandargha kóp jaysyzdyq keltirgen» әreketi saldarynan Mogholstangha kóship kelgen uaqytynyng «moghol әmirlerining әrqaysysy Esen-Búgha hannan bólinip, ózderine qamal salyp alghan» shaqqa say kelgenin aitady[93]. Osy oqighalar uaqyt jaghynan HV ghasyrdyng orta túsynda oryn alghan dep jobalaugha bolady. Sol shamada Ábilqayyr úlysyndaghy biylikke narazy qazaq súltandary men óz elindegi dýrdarazdyqtan kýshi әlsiregen moghol hany arasynda kelissóz jýrgen bolugha kerek...

Búl kezde Orys-han úrpaqtary Kerey men Jәnibek Qazaqstannyng ontýstik audandaryn biylep túrghan-dy. Olardyng ekeuin de ózderi basqaratyn aumaqta han lauazymymen ataytyn, olargha kezinde Jәnibekting әkesi Baraq-handy qoldaghan ru-taypalardyng Syr boyy qalalarymen baylanysyp jatqan edәuir bóligi baghynatyn-dy. Al Ábilqayyr Syrdariya qalalaryn 1446 jyly alghan. Demek, osy jyldan Joshy-han әuletining eki bútaghy ókilderi arasyndaghy qarsy túrushylyq órshy týsken dep bilu jón.

Han taghyndaghy shaybandyq Ábilqayyrdyng qúzyryna orda-ejendik (ordalyq) Kerey men Jәnibek biyleytin jekelegen úlystar jalpylama alghanda ghana kiretin. Biraq, Ábilqayyr biylikke kelgen alghashqy jiyrma shaqty jyl boyy olardyng ishine ene almaghan edi. Óitkeni ordalyqtar Syr men Qaratau óniri ózderine Baraq-hannan múragha qalghandyqtan, jeke-dara iyelik etip jýrgen. Sondyqtan da, Ábilqayyr-han Syrdariya alabyna bet búrghanda, onyng jappay bәrin biylep-tósteuge kirisuine Kerey men Jәnibekting kónbeushiligi kýsheye týskeni týsinikti.

Osy ozbyrlyq pen oghan kóndikpeushilikting irge bóluge, sóitip, derbestik ansaghan qazaqtardyng Shu – Talas (Qozybasy) alqabyna ornyghuyna úlasuy professorlar Asfendiyarov pen Kuntening redaksiyalauymen shyqqan jinaqta 860/1456 jyly boldy dep kórsetiletinin[94] taghy bir eske salyp, osy jyldyng qazaq memleketining tarih sahnasyna óz atymen shyghuyna negiz salghanyn nygharlap aitudy jón kóremiz.

Jәnibek-hannyng sol úiysu kezenindegi danalyq әreketteri oghan halyq tarapynan ýlken iltipatpen, asa qúrmetteytin sezimdi bildiretin әz-Jәnibek degen ataqty darytsa kerek. Al ydyraghan Kóshpendi ózbek handyghynyng taghyn alyp, qazaq memleketi mýddesine qyzmetke qoyghan Kerey-han men odan keyin taqqa otyrghan Kerey-hannyng úly Búryndyq-han әz-Jәnibekting qazaq handyghynyng júrty men jer-suy auqymyn belgilegen kemengerlik jobasyn jýzege asyrushylar boldy.

Búryndyq-han Sarayshyqty astana etip, úlan-ghayyr aumaqty tútastyrugha zor enbek etti, sol joldaghy shayqastardyng birinde sheyit boldy. Onyng kózi tirisinde Samarqandaghy әigili Shah-iy-Zinda kesheninde soghylghan ana dýniyede jatpaq kýmbezindegi laqat, denesi alys qyrdaghy úrys dalasynan jetkizilmegendikten, bos kýiinde qaldy.

Al Búryndyq-hannan keyin әz-Jәnibekting úly Qasym han bolyp, qazaq memleketining kýsh-quaty mýldem artty: «onyng biyligi kýlli Deshti-Qypshaqqa jýrdi. Onyng armiyasynda (lashkarynda) millionnan astam adam boldy.Búl júrtta Joshy-hannan keyin odan ótken quatty әmirshi bolghan joq»[95]. Ol derbes memlekettik qúrylym retinde Batys Jetisuda 1456 jyly shanyraq kótergen Qazaq handyghynyng abyroyyn asqaqtata týsti...

Qazaq handyghy derbes memlekettik qúrylym retinde Batys Jetisuda shanyraq kótergennen qúramyna ózge týrki ru-taypalary tәrizdi, Shapyrashty ruy da kirgen. Basqalar siyaqty, ol da qazaq tuyn kótergeli ózin-ózi azamattyq qogham dәrejesinde basqaryp, ortaq eldik sharualardy atqarugha jalpyqazaq hany qúzyrynda atsalysty...

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Beybit Qoyshybaev

(«Ruh-Saray», 5-tom, «QazAqparat» baspasy, 2012 j.)

Jalghasy bar...

Abai.kz

Biz – qazaq ejelden... (jalghasy)

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Qazaqtyng úly ghalymy – Qanysh Sәtbaev

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