«Jigerlen, silkin,
Qayrattan, berkin»
Abay.

Úly Abay asyl sózderimen qalyng eli qazaghyn úiqydan oyatty. Oy saldy. 20-shy ghasyrdyng alghashqy shiyreginde sayasiy-ruhany silkinis әkelgeni anyq bayqalghan qúbylys. Biraq, kenestik dәuirde «Abay júrtty oyatty, patshalyq biylikke qarsy shyqty» degendi aitqyzbady. Múhtar Áuezov te ainalyp ótuge mәjbýr boldy. «Abay otarshyl biylikke qyzmet qylghan, orysshyl bolghan» degen teris pikir órship túr qazir. Syryn kórmey, tek syrtyn tanyghandyq búl. Osy olqynyng ornyn az ba, kóp be, toltyru qamynda qolgha qalam aldyq.

«Jana zakon» – Abaydyng keyinnen tabylghan óleni. Ádebiyetshi ghalymdar atalmysh úzaq ólenge qarsy shyqty.  Kórkemdik jaghy tómen desip, Abay jinaghyna engizbedi. Ókinishke qaray, mazmúny asa manyzdy óleng 1879 jyly, Abaydyng ózin әli aqyn dep sanamaghan kezinde jazylghany eskerilmedi. Býgingi tәuelsizdik túghyrynan taldasaq, «Orysqa qaraghaly kóp jyl bolghan» dep bastalatyn óleng Abaydiki ekeni qylauday da kýmәn tughyzbaydy. El minezi búzyldy, oghan patsha ókimeti 1868 jyly qabyldaghan Jana zakon (Jana nizam) kinәli degen janayqay tuyndyny kóktey ótedi.

Mәselen, keleshek úly aqyn:

Byt-byt bop endi qazaq arazdasar,
                                    Úlyqqa shauyp baryp qaghazdasar.
                                    Ózi zalym jaqsyny qorqytpaqqa,
                                    Qylmaghanyn «qyldy» dep jamandasar, –

deydi. Qazaqtan dostyq ketti, oilaytyndary tek qastyq qana. Nege? Osyny ashyqtay kele, aqyn bylaysha tújyrady:

Qalmady qazir elde adamshylyq,
                                    Adam týgil, it qylmas múnday qylyq.
                                    Shyn men ótirikti aiyra almay,
                                    Kórgisiz qyp ketedi endigi úlyq.

Bayqap otyrsyzdar, Abaygha tәn synshyldyq stili kórinip-aq túr. Úlyq degeni – patsha sheneunigi. Ol jergilikti әdet-ghúryptan júrday, sol sebepti shyn men ótirikti aiyra almay, eldi týnildirip, yaky kórgisiz qyp ketedi.

Sóitip, «Jana zakon» – ór minezdi, әdiletshil, azatshyl Abaydyng patsha ókimeti zanyn alghash ret syngha alghan óleni.  Atalmysh zang qazaq elining siqyn búzdy degendi kózge shúqyp, basqa úryp aitqan. Sonymen birge, «Úlyqqa shauyp baryp qaghazdasar», «Shyn men ótirikti aiyra almay» siyaqty óleng joldary Abay tayau keleshekte bekem ústanatyn aghartushylyq platformany aiqyndap beredi.

Aytalyq, atalmysh ólende:

Qalagha shauyp jatyr atyn búlap,
                                    Aqyl aitar aqsaqal qaldy jylap.
                                    Ary joq, úyaty joq bir zakonshik,
                                    Orystan tauyp alar ózi synap, –

degen sózin bes jyl keyingi ólende bylaysha damyta aitady:

Baryp kelse Ertisting suyn tatyp,
                                   Berip kelse bir aryz bútyp-shatyp.
                                   Eldi alyp, Edildi alyp esiredi,
                                   Isip-keuip, qabaryp kele jatyp (1885). 

Abay bolys bolghan 1868-1880 jyldar nesimen erekshe? Patshalyq Resey jýrgizgen  basqynshylyq sayasat asqynghany tap osy tús. Ádiletsizdik búryn-sondy bolmaghan dengeyde etek jaydy. Sondyqtan «Jana zakon» óleni qyr qazaghy Abaydyng otarshyl biylikke qarsy alghashqy ýni, túnghysh narazylyghy boluy tang qaldyrmaydy. Zandy qúbylys bolyp tabylady.

Otarshyl sayasatty ashyq synaugha mýmkindik boldy ma? Áriyne, bolghan joq. Asqan saqtyq bolmasa, kim kim de it jekkennen biraq shyqpaqshy. 1880-1883 jyldary Semeydegi Mihaelis bastatqan orys dostarymen tyghyz qarym-qatynasta bolghan Abaydyng alghan basty sabaghy – olardan senzuradan qalay saqtanudy myqtap ýirendi.

Ekinshiden, janaghy «Jana zakon» óleni:

Patsha tipti qas emes, bizderge dos,
                                   Aqyldas, bayghús qazaq, basyndy qos.
                                   Búl zakon bizge tynyshsyz boldy ghoy dep,
                                   Ózine jetkizsenshi jýrgenshe bos! –

degen sózdermen ayaqtalghan. Kórdiniz be, Abay «Patsha – әdiletti, qazaqqa dos, zakon jayyn ózine jetkizsek is bitedi» dep mәlimdep otyr. Jer audarylghan dostary bolsa, aq patsha qazaqqa dos emes, Resey imperiyasy «halyqtar týrmesi» dep kózin ashty.

1884 jyldan ghana Abay aqyndyq qyzmetke bel sheshe kiristi. Biraq, ashyq synaudan góri oidy astarlap aitu, metaforamen jetkizu tәsili basym. Búl tәsildi jetik mengergenining bir mysaly – «Qyran býrkit ne almaydy, salsa baptap» óleni. Astarly ólendegi qyran býrkit – halyq qamyn oilaghan qayratker, al, kóp kýikentaylar men qarghalar – otarshyl jýiening qolshoqparyna ainalghan atqaminer top, kóp pysyqtar ekendigi dәlel ótinbeytin jәit.

Qysqasy, «Halyq turaly» delinetin siklding әr óleni biylikke qarsylyq. Mәselen, 1886 jylghy «Jalyghudy pәleden júrt úmytty birjola» degen óleninde Abay elding búzylu jayyn bylaysha suretteydi:

El jamaghan biyler joq,
                                           El qydyryp sandaldy.
                                       ... Orys siyaz qyldyrsa,
                                           Bolys elin qarmaydy.
                                           Qu starshyn, ash biyler,
                                           Az jýregin jalghaydy. 

Búl jerde atalghan ýsh atqaminer (bi, bolys, starshyn) – әkimshilik apparattyng oryndaushylary. Demek, óleng nysanasy – patshalyq biylik! Abaydyng osy ólenin taldaghan Múhtar Áuezov bylaysha týiin týiedi: «Abay pәle basy әkimshilik qúrylysta, qoghamdyq jamanshylyqta ekenin asha týsedi» (Abay Qúnanbayúly. Monografiya. – Almaty, 1995. 123-bet).

Osy aitylghandar Abay – azatshyl ruhtyng egesi deuge jetkilikti siyaqty.   Azatshyl ruh degende, әsirese, Abaydyng әigili «Segiz ayaq» óleni oqshau túr. Bile bilsek, ol bodandyq qúrsauynan qútylugha shaqyrghan tuyndy. Bastan-ayaq «Jigerlen, silkin» (yaky «Oyan, qazaq!») dep ýndeydi aqyn. Birer dәlel alayyq.

«Ókimet» degen – memlekettik biylik (mysaly, Qazaqstan ókimeti, kenes ókimeti), al «ýkimet» sózi – ókimetting joghary atqarushy, ýkim shygharatyn organy (mysaly, QR Ýkimeti desek, onda Premier-ministrden bastap barlyq ministrlikti aitqan bolamyz) degen maghynany bildiredi.

Endi «Segiz ayaqtyn» toghyzynshy shumaghyna kóz tigeyik. Aqyn:

Ótirik, úrlyq,
                                            Ókimet zorlyq –
                                                   Qúrysyn, kózing ashylmas.
                                                            Úyatyn, aryng oyansyn,
                                                             Búl sózimdi oilansyn, –

deydi. Barlyq jinaqtarda ekinshi jol «ókimet zorlyq» emes, «ýkimet zorlyq» dep basylyp keldi. Búl qate. «Ýkimet» sózi Abay otarshyl biylikti synap otyrghan hәldi tasalap túr. Dúrysy – «Ókimet zorlyq – qúrysyn!». Qazirgi tәuelsiz zaman bizden osynday janasha kózqarasty talap etedi.

Týsiniktemeleyik. 1868 jylghy jana zang boyynsha jer memleket menshigine ótti (kóshpeli halyqtyng shúrayly jerinen quylyp, ol jerler kelimsek sharualargha berildi). Ol azday, qazaq ómiri tútastay orys zanyna baghynyshty boldy. Búdan asqan zorlyq bola ma?! «Jana zakon» óleni  osy zorlyqqa qarsy shyqqandyq dep jogharyda aittyq. Mine, «Segiz ayaq» sol kýresting zandy jalghasy. Búl tuyndy – eldi sanasyzdyq jaylady, kisilik jýrekten alystap, ar, úyat úiqygha ketti degen Abaydyng janayqayy.

Sonymen, keltirilgen óleng shumaghynyng astary teren. «Ókimet zorlyq qúrysyn!» degen úranyn Abay «Úyatyn, aryng oyansyn, búl sózimdi oilansyn» dep nyqtay týsedi (biraq әli kýnge oilanbay-aq kelemiz).

Kelesi 1890 jylghy «Bay seyildi» ólenin Abay:

Bay seyildi,
                                         Bir peyildi
                                                 Elde jaqsy qalmady, –

dep bastap, taghy da pәle basy retinde otarshyl biylikke siltegen. Keshegi atasy Óskenbay, әkesi Qúnanbay túsynda iygi jaqsylar kóp edi. Endi ne boldy, el qamyn jegen Edigeler nege tausyldy? degen mәseleni kótergen.

Sonymen, bile bilsek, 1884-1890 jyldar aralyghynda jazylghan әleumettik ólender – bodandyq qamytyna qarsylyq. Qatang senzura hәlinde zorlyq-zombylyq bolmysyn ashyp, әshkere qyludyng ýlgisi. Osy faktini barshamyz da moyyndap, «Abay orysshyl bolghan, qazaqty jamandaghan» deytin shirik sóz, qynyr dauryqpadan arylatyn uaqyt jetti.

Keshegi kenestik senzura kezinde Abay evolusiyasynyng saty-satylaryn anyqtaugha mýmkindik bolmady.  Endi ghana aghartushy bolghan shaghyn (1884-1890), izdenis kezenin (1891-1893) jәne kәmil músylman (1894-1898), onan song hakim (1899-1902) satylaryn tanyp-bilip otyrmyz. Mәsele sonda,  songhy satylarda Abay últtyq qana emes, «tolyq adam», «ýsh sýy» siyaqty jalpyadamzattyq ilim-tanymdardyng negizin qalady. Álemdik oi-sana biyiginde tynystaghan búl jyldary Abay biylikti synamapty dep «ókpeleu», júmsartyp aitqanda, orynsyz ekenin aita otyrayyq.

Búl Abay bodandyq qamytyn úmytty degendik emes.  Aqtyq jyldarda jazylghan eki shaghyn óleng tәuelsizdikti ansaghan hәlinen habar beredi.

Birinshisi, «Eriksiz týsken yldidan» degen bir auyz ólen.

                             Eriksiz týsken yldidan,
                             Erkinmen shyghar ór artyq.
                             Qorlyqpen ótken ómirden,
                             Kósilip jatar kór artyq.

Osy tórt jol ólendi  belgili etnograf ghalym Sadyq Qasimanov el auzynan jazyp alghan. Ony Abay taban astynda shygharghan eken. Kókshetaulyq molda Shaymardan Qosshyghúlov joldaghan sayasy hatqa bola, 1903 jyly ýidi tintuge polisiya kelgende aitqan. Onyng astary qaysy?

Kórip otyrmyz, shumaqta azat ómir men qúldyq ómir salystyrylghan. Azat adam men qúldyng arasy jer men kóktey.  Azat adam óz isinen lәzzat alady, oy ólkesi gýldenedi. Al qúl ýshin júmys – qorlyq, qasiret kózi.  Abaydyng qúldyq ómirden kósilip jatar kór artyq deuining mәnisi osy arada. Jeke ózining emes, iysi qazaqtyng basyna týskendi aitqany da anyq.

Endi:

                                Toq, tatudy syilamay,
                                Ashtargha bergen as artyq.
                                Ýiinde bosqa búldamay,
                                Qaterge týsken bas artyq, –

degen kelesi bir auyz ólenge oiysayyq. Búl songhy jyldary tabylghan, Abay jinaqtarynyng eshbirine enbegen ólen. Ony Shәkәrim ózining «Ar qaryzy» atty maqalasynda («Saryarqa» gazeti, 1917 jyl, 4 shilde) keltiredi.

Auyrtpalyqty kórip maydannan qaytqan Jetisudyng 719 jigiti Álihan Bókeyhanov atyna «stiypendiya taghayyndalsyn ya medrese ashylsyn» dep eki myng som aqsha jinap bergenin estip, osy maqalany jazypty. Jaghymdy habar jayynda Shәkәrim: «Mine, adamnyng kózine jas, kóniline mahabbat keltiretin zor júmys» deydi de, janaghy tórt joldy: «Abay marqúm bylay deushi edi» dep keltiripti.

Abay naqylynyng mәnisi nede? Qay kezde aitylghan?

«Ýiinde bosqa búldamay, Qaterge týsken bas artyq» degen eki jolda – «El erkindigi ýshin basyndy qaterge tik, azattyq jolynda jan pida!» degen mәn baryn týsinu qiyngha soqpasa kerek. Ony Shәkәrim de osy maghynada keltirip otyr. 1904 jyly patshalyq Resey imperiyasyn tónkeris elesi kezip, sayasy qozghalys myqtap qarqyn alghany barshagha ayan.  Naqyldy Abay osy jyly aitqanyn angharugha bolady.

Sonymen, taldau jasalghan eki shaghyn óleng de bodan hәlge qarsylyq. Ór minezdi, azatshyl Abaydyng ýni esepti. Hakimning jaqyn ainalasy (Kәkitay, Shәkәrim, Túraghúl) kóp úzamay Álihan Bókeyhannyng janynan tabylsa, búl kezdeysoqtyq emes. Ústaz Abay qyrym tatary Ismaghúl Gasprinskiyding «Tәrjiman» gazetasyn shәkirtterimen birge dәiim talqygha salyp, qoghamdyq ahualdy tamyrshyday tanyp-bilip, jiti qadaghalap otyrghan.

Ásili, barsha alash arystary – Abaydyng shәkirtteri. Múny óz dәuirining jylnamashysy bolghan Sәbeng (Sәbit Múqanov) bylay dep jetkizedi: «Mening biluimde, «Qazaq» gazeti tóniregine toptasqan últshyldar Abaydy ózderine ruhany әke qylyp aldy» (endi oishyldyng ruhany ghana emes, sayasy túrghydan da kósem bolghanyna kóz jetkizip otyrmyz).

Sonymen, qaytalap aitayyq, songhy jyldary danyshpan Abaygha pәle jabu, soqtyghu jiyilep ketti. Keybir oblystar «Abaytanu» pәnin mektep baghdarlamasynan alyp tastapty. Óte qauipti qúbylys! Qay jerde Abay joq bolsa, sol jerde kógeru, yaky sana da joq, bir. Hakim Abay – ay asty әlem moyyndaghan, eskertkishin qoyyp jatqan dara ókilimiz, eki.  Uaqyttyng ózi dәleldegen osy eki anyqty úmytpayyq, aghayyn.

Asan Omarov,

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