ALTYN ORDA – QAZAQ HANDYGhYNYNG BABASY(sony)
2. Ghylymy jazyqtyq (Aq Orda & Altyn Orda Qazaq handyghynyng babasy retinde).
Ortaghasyrlyq Qazaqstan ortaghasyrlyq tarihynyng kenestik tújyrymdamasyn týiindelgen týrinde: «Qazaq handyghy – geografiyalyq jaghyna da, әulettik túrghysynan da (qazaq handary Orda Ejenning úrpaqtary) Orda Ejen úlysynyng izbasary. Al qazaqtardyng ózderi kóshpeli ózbekterden taraghan», - kórsetuge bolady.
Osyghan oray, geografiyalyq(Ordalardyng ornalasuy) jәne әulettik jaghynan da (qazaq handarynyng biyleushi әuletining shyghuy) eski paradigma Eskenderding Anoniymi atty týpderekke jәne onyng XIX ghasyrdaghy interpretasiyalaryna (mәselen, Stenly Len-Puliding «Músylman dinastiyalary» enbegi [64, 159-171]) sýienedi.Biz Natanziyding (Eskendirding Anoniymi) barlyq qatelikterin jeke jariyalanymdarda syny túrghydan qarastyrghan bolatynbyz [57] [58].
Qazirgi tanda tarihshylar Qazaq handyghynyng Altyn Ordadan bastau alghany(kenestik kezende qarastyrylghanday, onyng jeke bóligi bolghan Orda Ejen úlysynan (Altyn Ordanyng shyghysy) emes) jónindegi tezisti negizdedi. Ol kelesi jayttarmen rastalady:
1. Geografiyalyq túrghyda; Altyn Orda (Joshy úlysy)territoriyasynyn40 % astam bóligi býgingi tanda Qazaqstannyng qúramyna enedi. Kók Orda, sonday-aq Aq-Ordanyng jartysy da qazirgi Qazaqstannyng aumaghyna kiredi.
2. Etnikalyq túrghydan; Altyn Orda qúramynda bolghan 92 ru ishinen (ilatiya taypa tizimi), 20-dan astamy qazaqtardyng qúramynda bar. Qalghandary búrynghy Deshti Qypshaqtyng basqa da týrki halyqtarynyng qúramynda.
Shyghys Deshti Qypshaqtaghy ózbekter (jәne sonday-aq, Batys Deshti Qypshaqtaghy «tatarlar») turaly eski doksa HIH ghasyrdyng ózinde-aq payda bolghanyn atap ótuge bolady. Onyng damuy XX ghasyrda jýrip, XXI ghasyrda ol is jýzinde joqqa shygharyldy [60, 172-173]. 1979 jylghy Qazaq KSR tarihynda: «Shamamen, XIV ghasyrdyng 50-60-jyldarynan bastap, Aq Ordany meken etken taypalar ózderining dәstýrli qypshaq atauynyng ornyna derekterde ózbekter dep jiyirek atala bastady» [29, 253], - dep atap ótiledi. «XIV-XV ghasyrlardyng ekinshi jartysyndaghy jylnamashylar Edilding shyghysyna jәne Aral tenizining soltýstigine qarayghy dalalyq aimaqtardy Ózbek úlysy dep atady» [29, 254]. Qazaqtar osy ózbekterden shyqqan dep esepteldi. Búghan deyin de atap ótkenimizdey, tarihshylar Joshy úlysynyng shyghysynda (Edilding shyghysy) ózbekter («kóshpeli ózbekter»), al Joshy úlysynyng batysynda tatarlar meken etedi dep sanaghan.
Sonday-aq, taghy bir tarihy «anomaliyany» atap ótken abzal: etnikalyq túrghydan alghanda qazaqtardy Orda Ejen úlysynyn, Shiban úlysynyng («kóshpeli ózbekter»), Mogholstannyn(negizinen Úly jýz), sonday-aq Noghay Ordasynyng (negizinen Kishi jýz) kóshpeli túrghyndarynyng úrpaqtary dep sanady. Álbette, biz qarastyryp otyrghan kezenning tarihy shyndyghynda «kóshpeli ózbekter» syndy jekelegen etnos bolmaghan. Ghylymy ainalymgha ózbek shyghystanushysy B.A.Ahmetov engizgen búl tarihnamalyq atau (keninen alghanda, XIV-XVI ghasyrlardaghy parsy tilindegi derekterde keltirilgen Shyghys Deshti Qypshaqtyng býkil kóshpeli halqynyng jalpylama ataluy) tek tarihy mif qana. Oghan qosa, qazaqtardyng etnogenezinde moghol taypalarynyng (XIV-XVIghgh. Mogholstan halqy)etnogenetikalyq ýlesi kýmәnsiz bolsa da, onyng róli asyra kórsetilgen.Atalghan kitaptyng bir tarauy ózbek jәne tatar etnonimderining ózara araqatynasyna arnalghan. Búghan deyin ony Qazaqstan ýshin jana qyrynan V.P. Yudin men T.I. Súltanov qarastyrghan bolatyn[65].
3. Áulettik túrghydan; Qazaq Shynghys úrpaqtarynyng әuleti tek Ertis aumaghynda ghana biylik etken Batudyng ýlken aghasy Orda Ejennen emes, Altyn Ordanyng týrli bólikterinde (Manghyshlaq, Qyrym, Qazan, Astrahan jәne t.b.) biylik qúrghan Toqay-Temir úrpaqtarynan (Joshy úrpaqtarynyng taramy) taraydy. Osy kitaptyng bir tarauy Orys hannyng shyqqan tegine arnalghan.
4. Antropologiyalyq túrghydan; HH ghasyrdaghy Qazaqstannyng qazirgi halqy (qazaqtar), ghalym-antropolog Orazaq Ismaghúlovtyng mәlimetteri boyynsha, HIII ghasyrdaghy Altyn Ordanyng kóshpeli halqynan antropologiyalyq túrghydan qaraghanda esh aiyrmashylyghy joq [26, 218]. Búl tújyrymdardy L.T. Yablonskiyding mәlimetteri naqtylaydy, ol antropologiyalyq mәlimetterdi klasterlik analizden ótkizgen, nәtiyjesinde qazirgi qazaqtar Altyn Orda kóshpelilerine (Edilding tómengi boyy) eng jaqyny bolyp shyqsa, al qazirgi zamanghy tatarlar, ózbekter jәne shuvashtar Altyn Ordanyng qalalyq halqyna jaqyn ekeni anyqtalghan[75, 281].
5. Etnogenetikalyq túrghydan; Qazaq rularynyng atauy Altyn Ordanyng 92 rularynyng tizimimen sәikes keledi («ilatiya ózbek rularynyng tizimi»). Uaq jәne Jaghalbayly rularyn qospaghanda, búl tizimdegi rulardyng shamamen besten bir bóligi qazaq qúramynda bar.
Qazaqstan tarihynyng kóne dәuirden býingi zamangha deyingi bes tomdyghynda Qypshaq taypalary odaghy men Ýisin taypalar odaghy Orta jәne Úly jýzderge negiz boldy, al Kishi Jýz Qazaq handyghyna kirikken noghaylardyng bir bóliginen taraghan dep atap ótiledi [30, 294].
Qazaqtyng keybir rulary Dulattar, Qanlylar, Kereyler jәne Arghyndar Mogholstannyng tiyisinshe mogholdyq Dúghlattar, Bekshikter, Kereitter jәne Arqynúttardan taraghan degen pikir bar[54, 238]. Batys Týrik qaghanaty shenberinde ómir sýrgenDulu taypasymen qazaqtyng Dulat ruynyng baylanysy turaly núsqa da algha tartylady[54, 238]. Osy jerde birden atap ótetin jaghday, Arghyndar, Kereyler jәne Qanlylar Altyn Orda qúramynda da belgiliboldy jәne de búl rulardyng mogholdardan shyqty deuge eshqanday da ghylymy dәlel joq. Eger qazaqtyng qanlylary mogholdynBekshikterinintaraghan bolsa, biz olardy qazaqtar arasynan osy atauymen de biletin edik. Aqjol men Qaraqoja (Arghyn ruynyng geneologiyalyq ata-babasy) ArghyndarAltynordalyq Orys han men Toqtamys handardyng zamandastary bolghan, yaghni, olardyng mogholdyq Arqynúttargha esh qatysy joq (ataulardaghy ýndestik myqty ghylymy dәlel bola almaydy). Dulattar ózderining shejireleri jәne XVIII ghasyrdyng mәlimetter boyynsha Ýisin degen ýlken rugha jatady, onda Dulat bir rulyq tarmaq qana. Búl jerde de ataulardyng sәikestigi boluy mýmkin(Arqynútarmen sәikes jaghdaydaghyday) jәne de Dulattar mogholdyq Dúghlattarmen birtekti emes. Etnogenetikalyq tuystyghy joq, qazaqtarda qaytalanatyn ataular jónindegi mysaldardy kóptep keltiruge bolady. Álim ishindegi Tileu ruy Teleuge tuys emes, Álim ishindegi Qarakesek Arghyn ishindegi Qarakesekke tuys emes, Aday ishindegi Qaramyltyq Arghyndaghy Qaramyltyq ruyna tuys emes, Adaydyng Sýiindik ruy Arghyndaghy Sýiindik ruyna tuys emes t.t.
Qazirgi tarih ghylymy eki dәleldi derek kózimen tolyqty, olar qazaqtardyng shyghu tegine jana kózqaraspen qaraugha kómektesedi:
Shejire.Kenestik kezende qazaqstandyq tarihshylar Shejire syndy derekterdi shekteuli týrde qoldanyp keldi, al bashqúrttar derekterding atalghan týrin 1960 jyly ghylymy ainalymgha engizgen bolatyn [9]. Qazaq shejireleri tek 1990-ynshy jyldary ghana jaryq kóre bastady [10]. Úrpaqtan úrpaqqa taralghan kezde kez kelgen jazba eskertkishterde oryn alatyn, belgili bir kólemde jiberiletin qateler shejirede de bar. Mәselen, qyrghyz sanjyrasy (shejirening qyrghyzsha atauy) alghash ret XVI ghasyrda belgili boldy[49, 207-209]. Osy sanjyralargha sәikes, qyrghyzdardyng ortaq babasy qaraqytaylyq gurhandardyng kezeninde ómir sýrgen, al onyng aty Analhakk bolghan eken. Onyng Lur-han jәne Lur-buzurg degen eki úly bolghan eken. Dolon Analhakktyng Lur-han úrpaqtarynan taraghan 16 buyndaghy úrpaghy bolghan. Dolon Aq Oguldyng babasy, yaghny Aq Ogul Analhakktyng 19 buyndaghy úrpaghy bolghan. KuuogulLur-buzurg degen úlynan taraghan, ol Analhaktyn22 buyndaghy úrpaghy bolghan. Qazirgi zamanghy sanjyralargha sәikes Akogulmen KuuogulDolon-biya balalary. Yaghni, búl jerde tórt ghasyrdyng ishinde shejirening qalaysha búrmalaghanyn kóremiz alamyz. Búl jayt qazaq shejirelerine de qatysty: Qadyrghaly Jalayyry óz shygharmasynda jeke shejiresin kórsetedi [42, 171]. Jalayyrlardyng qazirgi zamanghy shejiresinde atalghan esimder joq [3, 114] jәne de shejirening óz basy úrpaqtardyng (Arghyndargha, Ýisinderge, Alshyndargha qaraghanda) az qamtylghanyna baylanysty berer aqparaty az. Tóre shejiresi osynday taghy bir mysal bola alady. Tórening Shoqan Uәlihanovqa (ol tóreler genealogiyasyn shyghys shygharmalary boyynsha qalpyna keltirgen) deyingi birde bir shejiresinde Jәnibek hannyng aty atalmaydy, esesine onyng eki úlynyng attary berilgen [23, 76-96]. Osylaysha, shejire 100 % dәl derek bolyp eseptelmese de, bir jaghynan, ony mýldem elemeuge de bolmaydy.
5.1. Y- hromosomasy polimorfizmining genetikalyq mәlimetteri. Osy mәlimetterge sәikes, qazaqtardyng genetikalyq gomogendigi 70-90 % qúraydy [61, 39], al shejirening aighaqtylyq dengeyi 90%-dan asady. Jogharyda atap ótkenimizdey: «Shejire mәlimetterining basym bóligi TMRCA-nyng populyasiyalyq genetikasymen esepteri boyynsha rastalady: kenestik tarihnamada shyghu tegi әr týrli dep eseptegen rular (mәselen, Bayúlyna kiretin rular) DNK saraptamalarynyng mәlimetteri boyynsha bir atanyng erkek kindiginen taraydy. Qazaq rularynyng basym bóligi 70-90 % Altyn Orda dәuirinde ómir sýrgen, Altyn Ordanyng sayasy jýiesi shenberinde joghary әleumettik orynda bolghan (әmir, qarasha – bek jәne t.b.),ortaq atanyng erkek kindiginen taraghan genetikalyq úrpaqtardy qúraydy» [19, 39]. Dulattar genetikalyq mәlimetteri boyynsha Ýisin ruynyng qúramyna kiredi (S2-starclustergaplotipyna kiretin dәl sonday major gaplotipteri bar), olardyng shejiresi genetikalyq túrghydan da rastalady. Olardyng shejiresine sýienetin bolsaq, olar XIII ghasyrda Joshy úlysynda ómir sýrgen Mayqy biyding úrpaqtary bolyp tabylady[19, 33]. Shejirege jәne genetikalyq mәlimetterge sәikes qazaqtyng Ýisinderinin(jәne olargha kiretin Dulattar da) Mogholdargha (mogholdyq dúghlattargha) jәne batys-týrkilik Dulu taypasyna da esh qatysy joq.
Qazaqtar etnos retinde tikeley tek Orda Ejen úlysynyng jәne Mogholstannyng kóshpeli halqynan taramaytyndyghyn (genetikalyq baylanystar bolghanymen, ony «genetikalyq dreyf» dep qabyldaghan jón) atap ótu kerek.
Qazaq rularynyng ata jelisi boyynsha shyghu tekteri әr týrli. Búl rulardyng hronologiyalyq jaghynan qalyptasuy men keng taraluy Altyn Orda kezenine sәikes kelui olar ýshin jalpy bastama bolyp tabylady. Qazaq rularynyng kóptegen rubasylary (negizin qalaushy әkeleri desek te bolady) Altyn Orda handarynyng әmirleri men qarasha – bekteri bolghan. Qazaq shejirelerining geneologiyalyq shemalarynyng aighaqtyghy aitarlyqtay joghary, jәne ol genetikalyq mәlimettermen rastaldy, ol óz kezeginde: «Qazaqtar – Altyn Orda rulary bóligining genetikalyq úrpaqtary», - degen tezisting shynayylyghyna dәlel bola alady.
5.2. Autosomdymarkerlerdi zertteu. Bayazit Yunusbaev bastaghan genetikter újymy ózderining jaqynda jasaghan júmysynyng nәtiyjesinde kelesi qorytyndylargha keldi: qazirgi qazaqtardyng genetikalyq komponentterining auytqu uaqytyn(«etnikalyq újymnyng payda bolu uaqyty») XIII-XIV ghasyrlarmen belgileuge bolady (1230-1340) [77].
6. Auyz әdebiyeti túrghysynan (halyq jadysy kómegimen). Qazaqtardyng barlyq derlik epostary men auyz әdebiyeti Altyn Orda kezeninen nemese Altyn Orda ydyraghannan keyin qalyptasqan postordalyq handyqtardyng ómir sýru uaqyttarynan bastau alady. Qazaq auyz әdebiyetin (mysaly, Babalar sózining 100 tomdyghyn, [8] nemese Áuezhan Qodar audarghan ólenderdi [4]) alatyn bolsaq, ondaghy basty keyipkerler Altyn Ordanyng (Qazaq handyghy qúrylghangha deyin) sayasy qayratkerleri men aqyndary bolyp tabylady. Olardyng qatarynda Edige jәne onyng úrpaqtary, Áz-Jәnibek (Altyn Orda hany Jәnibek), Joshy, Mayqy bi, Toqtamys jәne de Altyn Orda tarihynyng basqa da beyneleri bar. Búl rette, qazaq auyz әdebiyetinde «Aq Orda» dep atalaghan memleket (Orda Ejen úlysy) handarynyng jәne de Mogholstan handarynyng birining esimi kezdespeydi. Bir jerde ghana Ejen-hannyng (Orda Ejenge úqsas) aty atalady, biraq ol qazaqtardyng batyry emes, qalmaqtardyng qúramyndaghy (qalmaqtar men jongharlar) jau retinde bayandalady.
Kóptegen qazaq ziyalylary týisikti týrde qazaqtardyng Altyn Ordadan shyqqanyn bilip keldi.Múny basqarushy әuletting úrpaqtary – Shynghys úrpaqtary da bildi. Mәselen, Abylay hannyng úly Ádil súltan XIX ghasyrdyng ózinde (!), Qoqan biyleushisinen ózining altyn ordalyq babasy Toqtamys han ýshin diplomatiyalyq dengeyde «keshirim súraghan» eken [31, 285]. Shoqan Uәlihanov pen Qanysh Sәtbaev kenestik ghylymy dәstýr boyynsha qazaqtargha mýldem qatysy joq dep kelgen Edige eposyn zerttedi. Onyng ýstine, Shoqan Uәlihanov qazaqtardy Altyn Ordanyng úrpaghy dep ashyq jazdy. Al qazaq әdebiyetining klassiygi I. Esenberlin qazaqtyng shyghu tegi turaly bayandaytyn «Altybasty Aydahar», «Aydahardyng alty basy» jәne «Aydahardyng ólimi» atty romandardan túratyn «Altyn Orda» trilogiyasyn jazdy. Asyly, ol kezdegi qazaq tilindegi әdebiyet erekshe iydeologiyalyq qyspaqta bolmaghan edi.
Qazaq handyghynyng negizin qalaushy retindegi Aq Orda turaly aitar bolsaq, Qazaqstan Kók Orda territoriyasynyng basym bóligin (Úlystyng Shyghys qanaty) jәne Aq Orda iyelikterining aitarlyqtay aumaqtyq massiyvin (Joshy úlysynyng ortalyghy) geografiyalyq túrghydan múra etip alghanyn atap ótuimiz kerek.
Osylaysha, tarihy jәne geografiyalyq ólshemde de Qazaqstan, sonday-aq Altyn Ordanyng (Joshynyng birtútas úlysynyn) da múrageri bolyp tabylady.
Sonymen qatar, ghylymy dәstýr degen týsinikti de atap ótu kerek. Ghylymnyng әleumettanushylary ghylymnyng damuyna kedergi jasaytyn «Merton effektisin» bólip kórsetedi. Búl rette maymyldargha jasalghan tәjiriybeden qalyptasqan kelesi metaforany keltiruge bolady [76].
Maymyldar ómir sýretin bir tәlim baqtyng tor tóbesine banandar ilinedi. Banangha qaray qoyylghan baspaldaqpen bir maymyl banandy almaq bolghan jaghdayda, basqa barlyq maymyldardyng ýstine suyq su qúiyp otyrady.Maymyldar banandy alu әreketteri men su proseduralary arasyndaghy baylanysty birden bayqaydy. Maymyldar, su proseduralarynan saqtanyp (ýsterine qúiylghan suyq sudan) banandy alugha úmtylghan maymyldardyng barlyghyn baspaldaqqa jolatpay, keri sýireytin bolady. Maymyldardyng bir bóligin auystyryp, endigi uaqytta banandy alugha úmtylghan maymyldargha su shashpaudy úigharady. Toptyng jana mýsheleri, banandy alu әreketining saldaryn jadyna jaqsy saqtaghan ardagerler tarapynan júmylghan qarsylyqqa tap bolady. Birneshe sәtsiz әreketten keyin, ardager maymyldardy jana bir maymyldar bóligimen almastyrady. Maymyldardyng alghashqy qosylghan bóligi keyinnen qosylghan maymyldardyng banangha jetu әreketin toytaryp otyrady.Keyinnen qosylghan maymyldardyng alghashqy bóligi banandardy ne sebepti alugha bolmaytynyn bilmedi, alayda ardagerler olardyng boyyna banandardy alugha tyiym salatyn tabu – dәstýrin sinirip ketti. Is jýzinde, adamdardyng boyynda da osynday әreketter kezdesedi: jaghday ózgerdi (Kenes Odaghy ydyrady, Qazaqstan tәuelsizdigin aldy), al tabu saqtalyp qaldy (ghylymy túrghydan qaraghanda atalghan tezisting tolyqtay sәikessizdigine qaramastan, Altyn Orda resmy túrghyda әli de sheteldik memleket dep esepteledi), sebebi búl dәstýr kenestik kezende qalyptasty. Sondyqtan qazirgi zamanghy Qazaqstandyq mediyevistter moralidyq jaghynan tozghan dәstýrdi ústanudy dogharyp («Orda Ejen úlysy – Qazaq úlynyng týp beynesi»), Altyn Ordany ortaghasyrlyq Qazaqstan tarihyna tikeley qatysy bar memleket retinde qarastyrudy bastauy kerek.
Taghy bir atap óter jayt, búl úsynylyp otyrghan ortaghasyrlyq Qazaqstan tarihynyng «janartylghan» Altyn Ordalyq paradigmasy týpkilikti jana bolyp tabylmaydy. Búl paradigmanyng barlyq negizderi V.P. Yudinnin, sonday-aq býtin bir ghalymdar tobynyng tarapynan jasaghan bolatyn, olar Aq Orda men Kók Ordanyng «kópshilik qabyldaghan» ornalasu aumaghyn, sonday-aq qazaq handarynyng Orda-Ejennen taraydy degen tújyrymdy qabyldamady. Týrli әser etushi faktorlardyng saldarynan V.P. Yudinning qazaq handary әuletining shyghu tegi jәne Aq Orda men Kók Ordanyng ornalasu aumaghy turaly iydeyalary qazaqstandyq tarih ghylymynda ýstemdikke ie bola almady. Sonday-aq, ghylymy ortadaghy ýlken zertteushilik bedeline qaramastan V.P. Yudinning resmy týrdegi ghylymy ataghy (ol tipti ghylym kandidaty da bolmaghan) bolmady. Ortaghasyrlyq Qazaq KSR resmy tarihyn jazu barysynda aitylghan V.P. Yudinning pikirleri elenbey qaluyna, onyng osynday sipattaghy biliktilik dәrejesining bolmauy әser etti. V.P. Yudin ómirden ótkennen keyin birneshe on jyl ótken son, qazirgi kezde ghana ghylymy qauymdastyq ghylymy ainalymgha engizilgen jana derekterding negizinde Aq Orda, Kók Orda men Boz Ordalardyng ornalasu aumaghy mәselesi boyynsha da, sonday-aq Monghol dәuirining etnosayasy tarihyn qarastyru túrghysynan da V.P. Yudinning kózqarastaryn dәiekti týrde baghamday aldy.
Búl taqyrypty qorytyndylay kele, avtorlar Altyn Ordanyng «jalghyz» múragerleri tek qazaqtar ghana boldy degen tújyrymdama qalyptastyrudan aulaq ekenine basa nazar audaryp ótu kerek. Keninen alynghan tarihy retrospektivada qarastyrghanda, Kiyev Rusiining ukraiyn, belorus, orystar jәne rusindar syndy halyqtardyng ortaq «babasy» bolghany syndy, Joshy úlysy da qazaqtardyn, dәl sonday dәrejede qyrym, polyak – litva, Astrahan, Sibir, qazan tatarlarynyn, bashqúrttardyn, noghaylardyn, qaraqalpaqtardyn, ózbekting bir bóligining jәne de t.b. da ortaq «babasy» boldy.
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