Júma, 29 Nauryz 2024
Janalyqtar 4512 0 pikir 26 Mausym, 2012 saghat 09:01

Dosay Kenjetay. Din – Qúdaylyq institut...

Qazirgi tanda islam jәne jalpy din qúbylysy turaly «taza islam», «dәstýrli islam» jәne «baysaldy islam» úghymdary arqyly berilgen «qalypty tanbalar» men «qorytyndylar» týrli dengeyde, әr týrli dәrejede búqaralyq aqparat qúraldarynda óte jii aitylyp jatyr. Oghan qosa «ekstremistik, terroristik» әreketterdi anyqtau jәne ony saraptaytyn ortalyqtar da memlekettik dengeyde júmystaryn bastap ketti.  Kez kelgen instansiyalardyng Ishki sayasat bólimderining de negizgi ainalysatyn basty sharuasy din bolyp qalyptasyp ýlgerdi.Alayda, memlekettik, sonymen qatar, qoghamdyq intituttardyng búl mәsele zayyrlylyq ústanymymen ýndese me joq pa dep bas qatyryp jatqan metodologiyalyq taldaulardy әzirge kóre almadym.  Sonymen din Qazaqstanda basqa eldermen salystyrghanda eng birinshi oryngha shyqty. Búl ishki jәne syrtqy sayasatta da solay bolyp túr. Kerek deseniz әlemdik problema bolyp tabylatyn «dinder aralyq tepe tendikter men ýilesimdilikterge de» dәstýrli túrghyda din ókilderin Astanagha jinap, pikir alysyp oy salyp jatyrmyz. Búl qúbylystargha kelinder jauap izdeyik degen niyetting ózi óte jaqsy. Biraq...biraq ol isting mehanizmi turaly sýrleu bar ma. Sondyqtan sheshilmeytin problemalar qatarynda ghasyrlar boyy kele jatyr emes pe. Býgin din nelikten basty nazarda túr? Birinshi jauaby din әlemde sayasattyng basty qúralyna ainaldy.

Qazirgi tanda islam jәne jalpy din qúbylysy turaly «taza islam», «dәstýrli islam» jәne «baysaldy islam» úghymdary arqyly berilgen «qalypty tanbalar» men «qorytyndylar» týrli dengeyde, әr týrli dәrejede búqaralyq aqparat qúraldarynda óte jii aitylyp jatyr. Oghan qosa «ekstremistik, terroristik» әreketterdi anyqtau jәne ony saraptaytyn ortalyqtar da memlekettik dengeyde júmystaryn bastap ketti.  Kez kelgen instansiyalardyng Ishki sayasat bólimderining de negizgi ainalysatyn basty sharuasy din bolyp qalyptasyp ýlgerdi.Alayda, memlekettik, sonymen qatar, qoghamdyq intituttardyng búl mәsele zayyrlylyq ústanymymen ýndese me joq pa dep bas qatyryp jatqan metodologiyalyq taldaulardy әzirge kóre almadym.  Sonymen din Qazaqstanda basqa eldermen salystyrghanda eng birinshi oryngha shyqty. Búl ishki jәne syrtqy sayasatta da solay bolyp túr. Kerek deseniz әlemdik problema bolyp tabylatyn «dinder aralyq tepe tendikter men ýilesimdilikterge de» dәstýrli túrghyda din ókilderin Astanagha jinap, pikir alysyp oy salyp jatyrmyz. Búl qúbylystargha kelinder jauap izdeyik degen niyetting ózi óte jaqsy. Biraq...biraq ol isting mehanizmi turaly sýrleu bar ma. Sondyqtan sheshilmeytin problemalar qatarynda ghasyrlar boyy kele jatyr emes pe. Býgin din nelikten basty nazarda túr? Birinshi jauaby din әlemde sayasattyng basty qúralyna ainaldy. Búl transendenttilik túrghydan, al endi immanenttilik túrghysynan da jauaby da óte qarapayym. Eger din óz funksiyasyn jýzege asyrsa, eng bolmaghanda negizgi joralaryn orynday bilse, qoghamda din basty nazargha alynbas edi. Búl ahual eki sebepten tuyndauy mýmkin. Birinshisi, diny tirshilik, yaghni, din - oi-sana, sezim jәne is túrghysynan ózin janghyrta almasa, onda din óz tirshiligining manyzdy bóligin joghaltady. Ekinshisi, din óte jandy, belsendi bolghanymen, onyng órken jangyna jәne damuyna qanday da bir sebepter kedergi bolghandyqtan, din shektelip, túnshyghyp, óz funksiyasyn jýzege asyra almay otyr. Mine Qazaqstanda osy eki jaghdaydyng da izderi men kórinisteri bar.

Sonymen býgingi Qazaqstanda ghylymy túrghydan sheshilui qajet kóp salaly diny mәseleler bar. Keshe kenestik jýie tarih betinen joyylghanda, osy kenistikte din - óshkenimizdi jandyryp, joghymyzdy týgendeydi degen qúlshynyspen ýmitting kózi retinde ýlken qúbylysqa ainaldy. Din - mәdeniyetimizdi, salt dәstýrimizdi, sanamyzdy, jan sarayymyzdy qalypqa salatyn jol. Endi qaranyz, dinning ózi mәselelerdi sheshu ýshin jiberilgen Qúdaylyq institut bolsa, onda din qalay mәsele bolady?

Dinning ózi, әriyne eshqashan problema bolmaydy. Biraq din qoghamda tanymdyq, ghylymi, iydeyalyq jәne praktikalyq túrghydan ózindik funksionaldyq tepe-tendikti qamtamasyz ete almasa, basqa qolaysyz jaghdaylargha sebep bolyp, әr týrli toptardyn: ýmitterdin, qanaushylyqtyn, óshtik pen dúshpandyqtyng obektisine ainalyp ketui mýmkin. Din mәselesimen әr týrli dengeyde shúghyldanyp jýrgender birge, birlikte jәne qatar ómir sýru joldaryn taba almaytyn bolsa, din әr dengeyde problema bola bastaydy. Negizinen qoghamymyzda dinge qatysty mәselelerding deni psihologiyalyq jәne tanymdyq sebepterden tuyndap otyr. Basty mәsele músylmandardyng diny tanymynda jatyr.

Tanym degenimiz keng maghanada - bolmysty tanytatyn, bar nәrseni oida keskindep, mýsindeytin aina. Biraq, qúbylys pen onyng tanymy ózara sәikes kele me? Yaghni, adam bolmysty sol qalpynda tany ala ma?

Bolmystyng tanyluy әrdayym birtektes bola bermeydi. Tanymdy sipaty men anyqtamasyna qaray dini, filosofiyalyq, ghylymi, óner, túrmystyq jәne okkulittik jәne taghy basqa dep bóluge bolady. Búl tanymdardyng әrbirining adamnyng tirshiligi men ómirinde ózine tiyesili orny men róli bar. Osylardyng ishindegi diny tanym - tabighaty men ústanymy jaghynan jogharydaghy basqa tanymdardan erekshe. Dinning ózegin ayan  yaghni, Qúdaydan kelgen tanym qúraydy. Sondyqtan da ayan ózgermeydi, absoluttik aqiqat retinde qabyldanady. Biraq, búl qabyldau - tolyghymen iman, senimge tikeley qatysty. Allanyng ayany aqiqat. Óitkeni, absolut jәne óte kemel bolmysta kemshilik joq. Mine, sondyqtan da Allanyng ayanynyng dúrystyghy men búrystyghy pikirtalasqa oryn joq. Dúrystyghyna iman etken sol dinde qalady, iman etpegender de ol dinnen shyghady. Óitkeni, dinning negizinde absolut retinde qabyldanghan tanym bar. Búl qúbylys kez-kelgen dinder ýshin ortaq.

Dinde Allanyng ayanymen birge adamgha tәn tanymdar da qatar ómir sýredi. Búlar, negizinen Allanyng ayanynyng týsindirmeleri. Dinde әr týrli mazhabtar men tariqattardyng boluynyng sebebi - bir mәsele tónireginde әr týrli pikirler men týsinikterding boluy der edik. Búl aiyrmashylyqtar Allanyng ayanynyng әr týrli týsindiriluinen tuyndaydy. Sondyqtan bir dinde, Allanyng ayanyna negizdelgen әr týrli týsinikter men qúlshylyq formalary kezdesedi. Búl - tabighy narse.

Islam dinde sunniylik, shiiylik siyaqty dogmalyq-doktrinalyq mazhabtar men hanafiylik, shafiiylik, hanbaliylik siyaqty qúqyqtyq mazhabtar jәne osy mazhabtardyng negizinde de әr týrli naqshbandiya, kadriya, iasauiya, maulauiya, malamiya, haluatiya, bayramiya, rifaiya, sulaymaniya sekildi tariqattardyng barlyghy Qúrangha negizdelgen. Búlardyng aiyrmashylyqtary men erekshelikteri Qúrannyng ústanymdary men ýkimderining týrli-týrli týsindiriluinen tuyndaydy. Keyingi kezderi búlargha lokalidyq jәne globalidyq iydeologiyalyq tújyrymdar qosyldy. Sondyqtan aiyrmashylyqtar, dindegi adamgha tәn tanymdardan kelip shyghady. Al keyingi qosylghan tanymdyq aspektige din men dәstýrding aimaqtyq taytalasy da kiredi. Al adamgha, músylmangha birdey, bir standartta tanymdy kýshtep tanugha bolmaydy. Búl - Qúrandyq ústanym. Solay bolsa da әlemde qazir «ibrahimy dinder» nemese «dinderaralyq tútastanu» iydeyasy da tanylyp keledi. Islam órkeniyetindegi tafsiyr, hadiys, fiyqh jәne qalam siyaqty ilimder de negizinen adamnyng oi-órisi men is-әreketterding jemisi jәne adamgha tәn tanymdardan qúralghan, qalyptasqan. Al búl tanymdardyng dúrystyghy men búrystyghy mәselesi tónireginde pikirtalas jýrgizuge bolady. Óitkeni, búl tanymdar adamgha tәn bolghandyqtan ózgermeytin tanymdar emes. Árbir aghymnyng ókilderi ózderining múraty men Allanyng maqsatyn bir dep biledi. Sondyqtan osy týsinikter men ilanghan ýkimderi - olar ýshin tura jol, sharigha. Mine, diny tanymdy basqa tanymdardan erekshelep túrghan eng manyzdy sipat. Dey túrghanmen qazir músylman әleminde jana tafsir jana tújyrym shygha qoyghan joq. Shyqsa da Batysqa qaray eliktirip islamdy hritian әlemi arqyly týsindirgisi kelip túrady. Sondyqtan pikirtalas islam negizinde emes, Batys pen Shyghys arasyndaghy taytalasqa baryp tirele beredi. Al Batysqa sol kerek. Músylmandar ózara ortaq kózqarasqa kele almay, mәngige jiktele beredi.

Bir mәsele tónireginde әr týrli senimderding boluy adamnyng tabighatynan ekenin, odan qútyludyng mýmkin emestigin biluimiz kerek jәne ekinshi jaghynan bir ghana aqiqattyng bar ekenine senimimiz boluy kerek. Negizinde aqiqat bireu, Alla bir. Búl jaghdayda pluralizmdi qabyldasaq, Allanyng bilui men bilinui mәselesi qayshylyq tughyzuy yqtimal. Árbir toptyng aqiqat ólshemi ózderining qabyldaghan senimi shenberining ishinde. Basqa týsindirmeler men ýkimder olar ýshin qate nemese dúrys jol emes. Búl - diny tanymnyng negizgi tabighaty. Mine osy aqiqatty músylmandar býgingi kýni qabyldaghysy kelmeydi. Zorlyq, ýstemdik etkisi keledi de túrady. óitkeni olar balalyq dәuirdi basynan ótkerip jatqandyqtaryn da sezinbeydi. Búl jerde Qúrannyng ústanymyn da moyyndaghysy kelmeydi. Sebebi meniki ghana dúrys degen tanym basym túrady. Búl aqyldyng emes, naqyldyng nemese diny tanymnyng sipaty. Al islam әleminde qazir ghylymy emes, diny tanym, aqyl emes, qúrghaq qaghidalar beleng alyp barady. Diny tanymda ýkimning - ózderi qabyldaghan ayannyng týsindirmesine moyynsúnu mәjbýrlik. Olay bolmaghan jaghdayda kýdik jaylaydy. Búl senimning әlsiz ekendigin kórsetedi. Negizinde, adamdaghy, qoghamdaghy diny tirshilikti, (tanssendentalidy) Qúdiretti bolmystan kelgen ayannyng ómirdegi qoldanysynan kóre alamyz. Al, ayandy kýndelikti ómirde qoldanu - din shenberindegi týsindirmeler men adamnyng tanymyna qatysty. Búl túrghydan alghanda, diny tirshilikte aiyrmashylyqtar, yaghni, pluralizm basym. Biraq, Adam kemel bolmys emes, sondyqtan «absoluttik tanym» iyesi bola almaydy. Adamnyng eng dúrys tanymgha jetu joly - ghylym. Al ghylym da bir qalypty emes, әrdayym ózgerip, damyp otyruynyng ózi adamnyng absoluttik tanym iyesi bola almaytynyn kórsetedi.

Degenmen, adamnyng uaqyt ótken sayyn múrat etken tanymgha jetetini ras. Al, absoluttik tanym, adam ýshin әrdayym iydeal bolyp qala beredi. Allanyng ózin, ayanyn týsinu, úghynuda  da adamnyng psihologiyalyq-gnoseologiyalyq ahualy da solay. Bir mәsele tónireginde tanymnyng týrli boluynyng sebebi - tanymnyng ózgergishtigine qosa, adamdar arasynda tanymgha jetudegi eng basty qabileti bolyp tabylatyn oilau men sana qabiletining dengeyi jәne mәdeniyetting әrtýrliligi men kóp qabattylyghy. Osynday kóptýrlilikti (pluralizmdi) bir tektilikke negizdeu nemese әr týrli kózqaras pen týsinikterding beruin ghana qoghamda ýstem qylu tek despotizmmen kýshpen, zorlyqpen ghana jýzege asady. Búl sheshim - adamnyng oilau men senim erkindigine jasalghan qiyanat degen sóz. Búl adam ýshin naghyz zúlymdyq.  Allanyng ózi Qúranda «.....qalasam, barsha adamzatty músylman qylar edim» degen ayatyn úmyta beremiz. Allanyng ornyna ózimizdi qoyghymyz keledi. Allanyng atynan arlabay aq op onay ýkim aita beretindi shyghardyq. Búryn «qazaqtar bas basyna mufty bolyp jýr deushi edim». Endi qarasam Allanyng ornyna ýkim berudi de ar sanamaydy. Allany mengeru, aqiqatty mengeru degenning ózi ahlaqsyzdyq emes pe edi.

Osy jerde «Allanyng ayanynyng ózi әr týrli úghynylsa, әr týrli týsinilse, onda senim birligin qalay qamtamasyz etuge bolady?» degen oryndy súraq tuyndauy mýmkin. Búnday senim birligi, kez-kelgen dindegi ózgermeytin negizgi túghyrlar men úghymdargha senu arqyly jýzege asady.  Búl túghyrlar - imannyng negizderi bolyp tabylady. Osy iman negizderin qabyldaghandar sol dinning ókili bolyp qala beredi, qabyldamaghandar da búl dinnen tys qalady. Islam dininde Allanyng birligine, Payghambarlaryna, kitaptaryna, aqyret kýnine, perishtelerine senu, osylardy qabyldau islam dininde birlikti qamtamasyz etedi. Qúranda, Nisa sýresining 136-ayatynda senim birligining negizi kórsetilgen. Onda (Ey iman etushiler, Allagha, onyng payghambaryna, týsirgen Kitapqa jәne odan búryn da týsirgen kitapqa iman keltiriniz! Eger kimde-kim qabyldamay kýpirlik etse, onda ol shyn mәninde adasuda» degen maghynada anyq naqtylanghan. Mina osy ayatty da elemey, keybir bauyrlarymyzdy islam múhitynyng ishinen atyp tastaghymyz keledi. Sopylardy islamgha ýsh qaynasa sorpasy qosylmaydy dedik. Sol kezde diny tanym qúbylysyn, onyng tarihy tәjiriybesin de joqqa shygharyp otyrghanymyzdy bile bermeymiz.

Iman, senim birligin qosa әr týrli diny tәjiriybeler men ghibadattarda da birlik bar. Búl birlik mazhabtar men tariqattardan kórinedi. Mazhab nemese tarihattar Allanyng ayanynyng týsindirmesinde eng yqpaldy әri ghúlama, kemel-ústazdyng uaghyzy men tәlimine múqtaj adamdar tobynyng tabighy súranysynan payda bolady. Dinde, tarihy prosester negizinde payda bolghan osynday diny toptar qoghamynyng talabyna tughan qúbylystar. Qoghamdyq sana men ómir shyndyghynan qashyp qútyla almaysyz. Búlardy joq sanau dinning ereksheligine jәne adamnyng tabighatyna syimaytyn is. Sayyp kelgende tanymgha negizdelgen kez-kelgen is-әreketter pluralizm sipatynda bolatyndyghy anyq. Sondyqtan, búl ústanymnyng adam balasynyng qashyp qútyla almaytyn taghdyry ekendigin sezingen abzal... osy ústanym - dindarlar arasyndaghy tózimdilikting toleranttylyq negizi. Dinderaralyq tózimdilik pen ózara qúrmette osy ústanymgha tikeley qatysty.

«Abay-aqparat»

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