(Jasandy apat qúpiyalary ashylsyn)

QR Preziydenti Qasym-Jomart Toqaevtyng 2020 jylghy 30 mamyrda Sayasy qughyn-sýrgin jәne asharshylyq qúrbandaryn eske alu kýnine oray jariya bolghan Ýndeuinde aitylghan tapsyrmalargha baylanysty tarihy әdildikti qalpyna keltiru júmystaryn tiyanaqtau, sayasy qughyn-sýrgin qúrbandaryn týgeldey aqtau jóninde arnayy memlekettik komissiya qúru, memleket basshysy algha qoyghan mәselelerdi týbegeyli sheshu jәne mýltiksiz oryndau sharalary oilastyrylyp, jýrgizilip jatqany mәlim. Osy orayda Tәuelsizdikting alghashqy jylynda jasalghan manyzdy iske nazar audaru lәzim. 1992 jylghy 22 jeltoqsanda elimizding bas gazeti «Egemendi Qazaqstan» «Qoldan jasalghan qasiret» degen taqyryppen Qazaqstan Respublikacy Jogharghy Kenesi Tóralqasynyng Qaulysy men JK Komissiyasynyng Qorytyndysyn jariyalady (búl qújattar osy kýni «Kazahstanskaya pravda» gazeti betterinde de basyldy). 

Qazaq ASSR Ortalyq Atqaru komiyteti men Halyq Komissarlary Kenesining 1928 jylghy 27 tamyzdaghy «Bay sharuashylyqtaryn tәrkileu turaly» dekretin,  1928 jylghy 13 qyrkýiektegi «Asa iri jәne jartylay feodal baylardy tәrkileu men jer audarugha qarsy әreket jasaghany ýshin qylmystyq jauaptylyq turaly», 1930 jylghy 19 aqpandaghy «Jappay újymdastyru audandarynda auyl sharuashylyghyn sosialistik qayta qúru jolymen nyghaytu jәne kulaktar men baylargha qarsy kýres  jónindegi sharalar turaly» qaulylaryn zertteuge memlekettik tәuelsizdikting alghashqy jylynda-aq sergek nazar audarylghan bolatyn.   Qazaqstan Respublikacy Jogharghy Kenesining Tóralqasy ózining sheshimimen qúrylyp, jan-jaqty tekseru jýrgizgen Komissiyanyng materialdaryn qarap, Komissiya tóraghasy akademik M.Q. Qozybaevtyng habarlamasyn tynday kele, 1992 jylghy 7 jeltoqsanda ýsh tarmaqtan túratyn qauly qabyldady. Qaulynyng alghashqy tarmaghynda avtonomiyalyq respublika biyligining «adamdardy kóp qúrbandyqqa jәne jappay sayasy jazalaugha úshyratqan» sheshimderining qabyldanuy men oryndaluyna baylanysty mәn-jaylargha týpkilikti bagha beru jóninde «komissiya jasaghan qorytyndylar men úsynystar negizinen maqúldansyn» degen tújyrym jazyldy. «Jappay sayasy qughyn-sýrgin qúrbandaryn aqtau turaly» Zang jobasy әzirlenip jatqandyqtan, Komissiyanyng soghan baylanysty úsynysy Komissiya qorytyndysynan alyp tastalsyn delindi.  Kelesi tarmaqta Qorytyndylardy respublikalyq baspasózde jariyalau, ýshinshisinde – Komissiyagha materialdaryn «jeke jinaq etip bastyryp shygharu ýshin» Ministrler kabiynetine tapsyru mindetteldi. Sodan beri 28 jyl boldy. Ókinishke qaray, osy uaqyt ishinde atalghan qújattardy bir mәrte jariyalay salumen ghana shekteldik te, is jýzinde sonau jalpyhalyqtyq tragediyagha, qazaq halqyn qúrdymgha, Últtyq apatqa tiregen qasiretke jýrdim-bardym qaraghanday boldyq. Ony  dúrystap tanudyn, halyqty tarihpen tәrbiyeleudin, el birligin arttyru isine molynan paydalanudyng manyzyn oilamadyq. Endi búghan jete kónil bólgen jón. Qúrylyp jatqan Memlekettik komissiya 1992 jylghy Biyik Pәrmen men oghan negiz bolghan Qorytyndylardy egjey-tegjeyli taldap, atqarylghan ister men endi atqarylugha tiyis mindetterdi aiqyndap alsa dúrys bolar edi...

1992 jylghy Jogharghy Kenes Komissiyasy Qazaqstannyng búryn-sondy tarihta bolyp kórmegen әleumettik tәjiriybe jýrgizetin alyp poligongha ainaldyrylghanyn, respublikada kóptegen qylmysty әreketter jasalghanyn atap aitty. Qarastyrylghan kezende qazaq tirshiligining dәstýrli jýiesi kýiretilgenin, onyng sony alapat asharshylyqqa, halyqty qyzyl qyrghyngha úshyratyp, joyyp jiberuge tiregen nәubetke – Últtyq apatqa aparyp soqqanyn dәleldi týrde atap kórsetti. «Qasiret auqymynyng ghalamat bolghany sonsha, biz ony genosid sayasatynyng kórinisi dep tolyq moralidyq jauapkershilikpen aita alamyz. Múnday anyqtama «genosid qylmysynan saqtandyru jәne onday qylmys ýshin jazalau turaly» halyqaralyq konvensiyada kórsetilgen halyqaralyq qúqyqtyng qatang normalarynan tuyndaydy», – dep qorytty. Komissiya bolyp ótken qayghy-qasiretting naghyz týp-tórkini qoghamdyq sanamyzda úyalaghanday 32-shi jylghy halyq qynaday qyrylghan ýreyli, masqara asharshylyq pen  jeke sharuashylyqtardy kýshtep újymdastyruda ghana jatpaghanyn, onyng alghysharttary sovettik rejim ómirge kelgen shaqtardan-aq tua bastaghanyn ashyp kórsetti.  

Tarihshylar men demograftar jýrgizgen saraptaulardy qaray kele, Komissiya qazaq etnosynyng asa qatygez genosidke úshyratylyp, óte auyr shyghyndardy bastan keshkenin dәleldedi. Tegeurindi әkimshilik zobalany qazaq auyldaryndaghy dayyndau nauqandary barysynda órship ketken.   Kóshpendilerdi otyryqshylyqqa kóshirudegi «úr da jyq-kýshteu sayasaty» halyqqa óte auyr soqqy bolyp tiygen. Osylardy qajet mәlimettermen tiyanaqtay kele, tengerimi joq asharshylyqtan, soghan baylanysty tuyndaghan júqpaly indet-epiydemiyalardan, sonday-aq tabighy ólim dengeyining joghary boluynan qazaq halqy 1931–1933 jyldary 2 million 200 myng adamynan airyldy, yaghny sol shaqtaghy qúramynyng 49 payyzyn joghaltty dep kórsetti.

Óz halqyna qarsy jýrgizilgen jariyalanbaghan soghysta SSRO Halkomkenesi janyndaghy memleket qauipsizdigin saqtau ýshin qúrylghan Birikken Bas sayasy basqarma (OGPU) atty arnauly organ, onyng Qazaqstandaghy  Tolyq ókileti ókildigi (PP) ýstem de basty ról atqardy. Partiya úiymymen jalghasyp-tútasyp ketken búl jazalaushy organ respublikadaghy kýlli jaghdaydy, sayasy túrmysty jiti qadaghalady. Ásirese últtyq intelliygensiyany auyzdyqtaumen qatty shúghyldandy. Osy qúpiya jazalaushy organnyng qyzmetterining izi sayraghan derektik-qújattyq materialdardy, sot jәne sottan tys organdardyng materialdaryn, sol zaman kuәgerlerining estelikterin, statistikalyq derekkózderdi múqiyat zerttey kele,  Jogharghy Kenesting Komissiyasy manyzdy tújyrymdar jasady. Mol dәlel keltirip, atalghan jyldary memleket ózining halqyna qarsy qylmys jasady dep qorytty. Dәuletti jeke qojalyqtar iyelerining dýniye-mýlkin  tәrkileu, ózderin jappay jer audaru, kóshpendi jәne jartylay kóshpendi qojalyqtardy kýshtep újymdastyru jәne otyryqshylandyru, halyqqa qisynsyz salyqtar salyp, júrttyng qolyndaghy kýnkórisine qajet auylsharuashylyq ónimderin tartyp alu nauqandaryn adam qúqtaryna qayshy keletin zansyzdyqtar dep tapty. Búl zansyzdyqtardy jasaghan Qazólkekom, Qazatkom, Halkomkenes, SSRO OGPU-ning Qazaqstan boyynsha Tolyq ókiletti ókildigining jәne әskery okrugterding basshylary ózderining halyqqa qarsy sayasatymen arandatushylyq ról atqarghanyn, sóitip búqaranyng jer-jerde ókimetke jappay qarsylyq kórsetken kóterilisterin tughyzghanyn atap kórsetti. 1928–1932 jyldarghy zansyz jәne halyqqa qarsy qújattardyng kýshin jong jәne olardy aiyptau Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng jogharghy biyliginen súralsyn dep týidi. Osy nauqan kezinde jazyqsyz japa shekkender (tәrkilengender, jer audarylghandar, solaqay reformagha ereuildep qarsy shyqqandar) sayasy repressiyalar qúrbandary retinde tanylsyn dedi. Mәseleni tereng zertteu júmystaryn jýrgizu ýshin tiyisti ghylymy mekemelerding arnayy qarjylandyryluyn, bilim beru salalaryna arnap oqulyqtar, týrli әdistemelik әdebiyetter jasaluy qajettigin aitty. Biraq sodan beri otyz shaqty jylgha tarta uaqyt ótkenmen, jogharyda eske alghanymyzday, Jogharghy Kenes Komissiyasy úsynystarynyng deni qaghaz jýzinde qaldy...

Qúrylyp jatqan Memlekettik komissiya tilge tiyek bolghan qújattardyng 1931–1933 jyldarghy nәubetti ghana qarastyrghanyn eskergeni jón. Is jýzinde qazaq ishine asharshylyq sovetter biyligimen birge keldi.  1917–1919 jyldary Týrkistan Respublikasyna qaraghan qazaqtar ashyqty. Tashkent bolishevikteri olardyng jylqysyn, malyn «әlemdik revolusiya jasaugha tiyis» Qyzyl Armiya ýshin sypyryp alyp, kýnkórisine qajet azyq-týlik bóluden bastartqan-tyn (Mústafa Shoqay múny «sovet ókimetining ashtyq sayasaty» dep baghalaghan edi). Tashkent bolishevikteri tarapynan «marksizm túrghysynan bolashaghy joq, ekonomikasy әlsiz, qúryp-bituge tiyis» dep tanylghan kóshpendilerding bir millionnan astamy osy 1917–1919 jyldarghy asharshylyqtan ólim qúshty.  Búl bolishevizmning ýsh dýrkin jýrgizilgen qylmysty is-әreketimen qazaq halqyn dushar etken joyqyn Últtyq apattyng alghashqy kezeni bolatyn. 1921–1923 jyldarghy ekinshi kezende «әskery kommunizm» sayasaty men ortalyqtan soghyp túrghan azyq-týlik jinaghysh jedel jasaqtardyng әreketteri saldarynan tap Týrkrespublikadaghyday mólsherde Qazaq Respublikasy aumaghyndaghy kóshpendi júrt qyryldy. Al ýshinshi kezenning sebep-saldary tilge tiyek bolghan 1992 jylghy JK Komissiyasy qorytyndysynda birshama tolyq ashyldy, degenmen onda da biyl qúrylmaq Memlekettik komissiya múqiyat nazar audarugha tiyis tústar jetkilikti.

Qysqasy, ótken ghasyrdyng 1917–1933 jyldarynda oryn alghan zúlmatty Memkomissiya jan-jaqty da tereng zerttep, tarihi, zani, sayasy baghasyn beruge tiyis. Jәne nәtiyjesi júrtshylyq nazaryna úsynylyp, keninen nasihattalghany abzal. Osy orayda mynany da aita keteyik: eger, búrynnan aityp jýrgenimizdey, ýsh dýrkin oryn alghan zúlmat tarihyn zerttep, halyq jadyn janghyrtatyn arnayy Institut pen Últtyq apatty kórneki týrde kórsetetin Muzey ashylsa, tәuelsizdigimizdi bayandy etuge mýddeli otanshyl, memleketshil úrpaq tәrbiyesine ólsheusiz zor ýles qosylghan bolar edi. 

Beybit Qoyshybaev

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